Fossils and their interpretations essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fossils and their interpretations - Essay Example Several paleontologists have managed to collect close to 2000 Eusthenopteron specimens, which have been effective at providing room for the detailed study of this species. Basing on the anatomy, Eusthenopteron shares several unique features that are common with some earliest known tetrapods. The largest individual was capable of growing up to 1.8 meters in length, while is also shares the similar pattern of the skull roofing bones with other forms, such as Ichthyostaga and Acanthostega. Eusthenopteron like any other tetrapodomorph fisheries had internal nostrils, which are only found in the land animals. From this fossil, one can develop a thesis that all creatures developed from a transition of other creatures. The image of this fossil is as shown below; Figure: Eusthenopteron foordi. University Museum of Zoology Cambridge specimen GN. 786. Scale bar is 10 millimeters. Photograph by JAC Pathologists Jennifer A. Clack (2002) believes that Eusthenopteron showed some characteristics of crawling across the dry landscape with the help of its fore fins while moving around. This fossil also shows that it had labyrinthodont teeth, which are characterized by the infolded enamel, which also characterizes the rest of earliest known tetrapods as well. ... The appendicular long bones of this fossil shows that it had some epiphyseal growth plates that were essential at allowing substancial longitudinal growth through the endochondral ossification, as similar to the case of tetrapod long bones. The genus has six appendicular bones that also occur in tetrapods and are thus a synapomorphy of the large clade of sarcopterygians, which is also possibly the subclass Tetrapodomorpha. This genus also lacks some superficial odontodes on its elasmoid scales, which are composed of the dentine and enamel. The lack of such similarities implies that there is a synapornorphy with more crownward tetrapodomorphs. The genus Eusthenopteron also differs from the later Carboniferous tetrapods basing on the apparent absence of some recognized larval stage and the definitive metamorphosis. But on the even smallest known specimens of the Eusthenopteron foordi, when it attains a length of 29mm, the lepidotrichia is able to cover all the fins, which on the contra ry do not happen with after metamorphosis occurs in the genera like Polyodon. This has the implication of stating that Eusthenopteron developed directly, with its hatching already managing to attain the general body of the adult species. This therefore implies that Palaeospondylus gunni might not have been the larva of Eusthenopteron. The author responds to these claims about Eusthenopteron with some sort of analysis. There are emerging issues that now, nearly 20 years of which this subject has undergone a renaissance; there is much enriched fossil record to draw implications from. However, much of this recent work is yet to reflect on the popularity of the accounts on this subject. There is some assumption that Devonian tetrapods and the respective close fish relatives originate

The student to competently insert an indwelling urinary Catheter Essay

The student to competently insert an indwelling urinary Catheter - Essay Example According the Nursing and Midwife Council, it is the duty of a mentor to create a suitable environment that will allow for learning and development. The mentor should also familiarize the students with the risks associated with this process. This is so because indwelling urinary catheterisation is not a simple or risk-free procedure as many may think. It is approximated that urinary catheters cause 24 percent of all hospital infections. Patients who have catheters and get UTIs in primary care settings tend to have greater contact with their GP (Rhinehart Friedman& Rhinehart, 2006). My first approach to the mentoring process was by uniting both the nursing team and the students. This was to help me achieve a conducive learning environment which is important for all the nursing teams and students to work together as a team. As stated by Doughty (2006), positive attitude contributes a lot to the learning process of indwelling urinary catheterisation. This will allow the student to gain the courage to approach the team without fear that will support them while onward hence making them become part of the nursing team. I chose ward environment since it was the most appropriate for this kind of process. The environment was very conducive because it provided the student with a chance to participate in real life nursing environment hence making it realistic. It will enhance their understanding by illustrating and showing the students the procedures followed and also introduce them to different types of equipment needed to carry out the process successfully. This strate gy enabled the student to understand the process better than telling them theoretically since practical improves ones understanding about a particular topic as in this case the urinary catheterisation. As said by Allen (2015), it is crucial to recognize different learning style and theories. In order to achieve effective learning, the students

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay

The Indian Manufacturing Sector Performance Economics Essay Chapter 2 Introduction The manufacturing sector performance has always been the focus of academic and polity debates and especially so in India, due to the deviation of the same from theorized behavior (Developmental theory of transition of economies). Even recently, in the discourse on the recession, its aftermath and revival, the highlight was the manufacturing sector performance, since it is seen to be on retreat (After the 2008 crisis, it regained momentum (from a drop of about 10 percentage points in 2008 09) in 2009 10 at 9.7% (simple average annual growth) but since then it has been on a decline and in 2011 12 it was at 2.5%). The major industries (automobiles, chemicals, machinery equipment, textiles etc.) experiencing receding growth rates has seen the National Manufacturing Policy (2011) (which introduces the NIMZs (in addition to SEZs) to address the infrastructural bottlenecks faced by the industry) and other such critical measures from the government, especially since it fears that a recov ery is unseen in the horizon, given the probable interactive effects of rising interest rates, escalating fuel and input costs, the volatile exchange rate, falling domestic demand, uncertain global economic scenario and policy paralysis (Bhandare, 2011). This importance accorded to the sector arises from three main points, namely, its importance towards macro economic stability, its employment implications (given that the services sector, though the highest contributor to the GDP, contributes only about a quarter of the total employment and given that manufacturing sector employs, unskilled, semi skilled and skilled labour), its forward and backward linkages with the other sectors (which makes it the key to boosting the economys vital signs) and finally due to the emphasis that was placed on it (for an industry led development) by the development theories and Indias early development strategy. As Bhandare, rightly puts it, neither reforming the primary sector nor the leapfrogging of the services sector alone can deliver India a BALANCED and long term (sustainable) development. The idea of self reliance was at the roots of Indias development plans in the immediate decades after independence and this was the reason for the heavy emphasis on developing a strong industrial base for the country and thereby for the heavily monitored and regulated industrial policy regime. The focus and the responsibility to bring about the same (through strategic promotion of the heavy industries), fell on the public sector and as Trivedi et. al (2011) notes, the private sector was to play only a supplementary role. Some notable features of the Restrictive Regime were direct physical controls like capacity licensing, reservation of certain industries to the public sector (or rather the restriction of private sector from certain industries), tariff and non tariff barriers to imports, foreign exchange and investment regulations, other market regulations like MRTP etc. The transition to the Limited Liberalisation Regime (as termed by Burange Yamini, 2011) happened towards the la te 1970s and was marked by a slow shift from direct physical controls to indirect controls through selective delicensing and deregulation, encouraging the private sector in some industries, marginal relaxation of the tariff rates etc. The main aim of the reforms were to unleash the growth potential of the sector since the performance of the sector, prior to the late 70s, mirrored the performance of the economy which was characterized by growth rates which ranged at around 3%, that were infamously dubbed the Hindu growth rate. The Industrial policy regime then followed has been pointed to as the cause for the industrial stagnation by many, including Ahluwalia (1991) who also argues that the 80s reforms succeeded in bringing about a positive shift in the growth path of output and productivity. The 1991 reforms reflected explicit liberalization in the Industrial sector with the New Industrial Policy (1991) and were enacted with the primary intent of wading through the severe fiscal and macro economic crisis that India was mired in, at the time. These reforms were comprehensive and macro economic in nature and structural adjustment and stabilization were at the core of the 90s reforms (Trivedi et. al, 2011). These differences naturally generated expectations of higher growth paths of output and productivity than that of the 80s period. But as they note, the reforms succeeded in pulling the economy out of the crisis and in alleviating the foreign exchange constraint and controlling inflation but not in bringing about an upward shift in the growth of output and productivity. These expectations about the performance results of liberalization stems from the theorized behavior of Liberalisation (from cross country analyses of the effects of liberalization by developmental theorists), especially in developing countries. The logic behind this argument that liberalization leads to growth, especially in developing countries, has been covered by the developmental theory literature under four threads. First being that, liberalization leads to technological improvement which generates more efficient capacity utilization and thereby promotes investment and exports. This eventually leads to more robust output growth. Second theory states that liberalization increases competitive pressure in the economy and this will result in the exit of inefficient firms. The exit of the inefficient tail would leave the average efficiency in the economy higher up and thereby result in better output growth. The third is that liberalisation will release the producers from the disadva ntages of inefficiencies and increase the incentives for geographical diversification which implies capture of new export markets and expansion activities like mergers and acquisitions and these will raise the rate of growth of output of the sector. Another theory that stems from the Hecksher Ohlin model and proposes that liberalization will free the factors of production from inefficient regulations and costs and thereby will benefit the countrys abundant factor. Performance is usually considered synonymous with growth performance and therefore, is always assessed keeping growth as the key measure. Krugman (1994) notes that economic growth is the sum of two sources of growth, namely, increase in inputs and increase in output per unit of inputs (i.e, productivity). Growth Accounting calculates explicit measures of both to calculate what percentage of growth accrues to each input and what percentage to productivity and efficiency. The separate but interdependent concepts of Productivity, Efficiency and Competitiveness are indicators of performance. Growth via improved productivity (and not increased inputs) is the focus of any strategy that aims at sustainable growth and therefore productivity analysis is an integral part of any performance analysis. Mouelhi (2007) considers output growth, employment growth, productivity growth, exports growth and capital intensity growth as the indicators or elements of performance of the manufacturing sector . In this paper we analyse output and employment growth using data from the Annual Survey of industries and productivity growth using prior literature. Motivation Figure 1. Simple Annual Growth in GDP At Factor Cost, Constant Prices, Base Year 2004 05 Source: RBI, Handbook Of Statistics on the Indian Economy From the above figure it could be considered safe to say that the manufacturing sector and its growth rates do (quite heavily) influence the economys growth rate. That is to say, the direction of the manufacturing sector does reflect the mood of the economy or vice versa. Also, it is noted from the movement of the GDP and Share in GDP of both the Industry and Manufacturing sectors that Manufacturing pulls Industry (by a vastly higher measure) as compared to Mining Quarrying And Electricity, Gas Water Supply (namely, the other components of Industry). So it is assumed safe to use the IIP for the analysis under the study. So, it would be imperative to study the movements of the manufacturing sector especially under the current context of uncertainty over the global dynamics and Indias own concerns. Literature on the impact of liberalization is vast and divergent, with disagreements on the results, data quality and data sources, methodology, indicators and their scope, model specification etc. and therefore, as Rodrik (1997) says, the nature of the relationship between trade policy and economic growth remains very much an open question. Theories Examined Despite the aforesaid emphasis on the manufacturing sector in Indian planning outlays and strategies, share of manufacturing in GDP and its growth rate has only been modest at around 16% in 2009 10, from about 13% in 1970 71 and 15% in 1990 91. So, Trivedi et. al (2011) argues that the 90s reforms brought about increase in growth and productivity as did the 80s reforms. But these fell short of expectations especially when considering the fact that the reforms of 1991 were macro economic in nature while those of the 80s were restricted to the fiscal and industrial sector reforms. And further they cite Rodrik and Subramanian (2005) that there has been no structural break in either output or productivity growth since the initiation of the 90s reforms and that the 1980s reforms had resulted in an improved growth performance of Real Gross Output (compared to the Restrictive regime). But though this growth momentum has been maintained in the 1990s, they find no statistically significan t improvement in the same. As noted by Chaudhuri (2009), Nagaraj (2011), Burange Yamini (2011), Kalirajan (2004) and many others, the pattern of manufacturing growth observed before 1991 was that of periods of high growth invariably followed by periods of low growth. The period after 1991 has brought no difference to this trend. The rate is seen to fluctuate widely even in the post-reforms period, registering a decline since the early years, picking up in 1993 and decelerating again in the late 1990s. It has recovered since 2002-03 and fell back after 2007-08. The factors behind this instability of the sector ranges from famines to business cycles to shifts in policy regimes. Chaudhuri (2009) makes the following observations. The (compound annual) rate of growth for the manufacturing sector between 1991-92 and 2007-08 at 7.18% is only marginally higher than that attained during the first three plan periods (6.45%). Taking only the registered manufacturing sector, the increment betw een the periods is negligible at 0.1 %. In fact the growth rate (for the registered manufacturing sector) during 1952-53 to 1964-65 (8.87%) and during 1980-81 to 1990-91 (8.29%) was higher than that in the post-reforms period (between 1992-93 and 2006-07) at 7.99%. Using the Kinked Exponential Model for structural break analysis in growth rates, we find that there is only a marginal difference between the coefficients b1 and b2 which means that there is no substantial structural break in the Manufacturing GDP data. The analysis is for the period from 1980 81 to 2000 01. The kink is analysed at 2 different years, namely, 1990 91 and 1996 97 and no significant break is found in either year. But on analysing the same period for the Manufacturing Value Of Real Gross Output we note the structural break at 1996 97 is significant. The structural break is highly significant if Net Value Added of Manufacturing is brought under the analysis, over the same period. This implies that the analysis backs the argument that there hasnt been any substantial increase in the growth path of the Manufacturing output in the 1990s from that of the 1980s, in terms of Sectoral GDP. But when considering the Value Of Real Gross Output or Value Added of the sector, it seems there has been a structural break in 1996 97. Therefore, the analysis cannot be taken to validate or refute Rodrik and Subrahmanians argument that there hasnt been a structural break in output growth since 1991. Figure 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 1. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing GDP (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 2. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing RGO (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Figure 4. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Source: Own calculation Table 3. Kinked Exponential Model for Manufacturing NVA (1980 2000) Table 4. CAGR Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 5. Summary Statistics Of Manufacturing GDP and its Share in GDP Source: Own calculation Table 4, provides the Compound Annual Growth Rates for the different sub periods, from 1950 51 to 2011 12, and it can be seen that there has been only a marginal improvement in the CAGR in the 1990s as compared to that of the 1980s. And as table 5 shows, there has been a decrease in the absolute volatility in the growth in Manufacturing GDP in the 1980s (as seen from the Standard Deviation values) which is followed by an increase in the 90s only to further decline in the 2000s. The relative variability in the period 1991 92 to 2000 01 at 0.87 is higher than that of the previous period at 0.40. Growth rate of Share of the Manufacturing sector in GDP also follows the same trend. Another point worth noting is that there has been a consistent decline in the average growth in share of Manufacturing in GDP and this confirms what has been noted by Kalirajan (2004). Since 1997 98, along with the decelerating growth there has been a decline in the share of manufacturing in total GDP. Al so, as noted by Mani (2011) and Nagaraj (2011), the share of manufacturing sector in GDP was stagnating at around 15% even as the growth of the sector was at around 10% for over five years. Therefore, the data seems to point that the 90s reforms have not led to substantial positive changes in the growth path of output from that of the 80s. Another point to note is that there is an improvement all the figures in the 2000s (starting from the late 90s). Rodrik and Subrahmanian (2005) explains this as the J Curve effect of Productivity and Output growth. The J Curve rationale blames the major structural changes ensuing liberalization (and the adjustment process thereafter) for the initial slowdown in the sector (Hashim et al, 2009). Virmani (2005, 2006) proposed the hypothesis of the J-curve of productivity and output growth following major reforms and the differences in the pattern of productivity that was noticed to be brought about by the pacing of reforms. From empirical evidence we also see that the timing (pace) and sequencing of the reforms impact growth performance. The productivity and output growth path is hypothesized to take the form of a J, S or a hybrid S-J Curve which is explained by the pacing of the reforms (namely, major reforms or gradual reforms). Virmani Hashim (2011) notes that in India, the hypothe sis was proved true during the 1980s but not during the 1990s. Their analysis shows a clear J-curve pattern of total factor productivity growth for Indian manufacturing as predicted by the J- curve hypothesis which, in turn, was reflected in output growth. Nagaraj (2011) puts forth the recurrence of booms and deceleration (in itself) as the pattern of growth in output after finding out that after a (theoretically) expected dip in 1991-92 (on account of the crisis and adjustment), output boomed for four years, peaking in 1995-96 at 13% (following the predicted J curve) and that the boom petered out quite quickly, followed by a steep deceleration for seven years until 2002 03 while the next boom lasted for  ¬Ã‚ ve years, from 2003 04 to 2007 08. As Kochhar et al (2006) notes, India has not confirmed to the development theory of transition economies whereby the usual trend is a massive transfer of unskilled labour from agriculture to manufacturing (or industry). That is, the manufacturing employment post reforms has been stagnant and Indias services sector led growth has been laid to blame for this. Contribution of manufacturing to total employment is the lowest, that is, in India, services sector absorbs more labour than the manufacturing sector. The trend in employment generation of the registered manufacturing sector tells a different story from that of its output generation. Employment in the factory sector has been declining despite the acceleration in the growth rate of output since 2000 01 and in 2003 04 and the figure was 10% lesser than that in 1995 96 (Chaudhuri, 2009). This pans the issue of Jobless Growth that has been (nearly) comprehensively covered by literature bringing forth the issue of growing capital intensity, and cheaper relative price of capital resulting in substitution of labour for capital as the primary cause. This poses a theoretical impasse, since (market oriented) economic policy reforms are conventionally expected to result in an acceleration in the rate of growth of output and productivity thanks to the underlying short term gains in static efficiency (through re-allocation of factors to efficient uses) and dynamic efficiency gains. One view (Goldar, 2000, 2011) says that there is a substantial increase in organised manufacturing employment in the liberalised regime of 1990-91 to 1997- 98 and 2003 04, as compared to the 80s. Nagaraj (2004, 2011) has contradicted this noting that the employment growth when analysed in the same picture as that of capital growth asserts the jobless growth phenomenon. According to him, the whole period can be termed as a period of jobless output growth where output has grown with more capital-intensive technology. Stagnant per capita real wages are said to be another paradox whereby the natural transition of output growth into growth in real wages has not transpired yet in Indian manufacturing thereby raising concerns on lack of domestic demand. Trivedi et. al (2011) note a U trend emerging in the growth of real emoluments (from a revival in the figures from negative rates in the 90s) and the consistent decline in growth in real wages. They consider this to imply increasing compensation to the managerial and supporting staff while the workers face stagnant real per capita wages and raise concerns of inequality and productivity implications. Table 6. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Aggregates Source: Own calculation Table 6 confirms the Jobless growth hypothesis which can be found to hold true for all three variables of labour, namely, Number of Workers, Number of Employees and Total Persons Engaged. What is to be noted is not only the definite declining (and negative) growth rates of the 90s, but also that Number of Workers and Number of Employees were on a declining growth path even in the 80s. And that growth in Number of Workers and Total Persons Engaged are seen to revive during the sub period 1999 08. Another major concern is the different patterns exhibited by the growth in wages and that in emoluments. While both are found to be on a declining growth path, the rate of decrease in the growth of emoluments is substantially lesser than the steep and concerning decline in that of wages. The U trend noted by Trivedi et al (2011) cannot be brought forth due to unavailability of data on the same. Some other features of the data under analysis, that are brought out by these summary figures are the decline in the growth of Real Gross Output, Net Value Added and Net Fixed Capital Formation show the same patterns of decline in the 1990 2000 sub period and this extends to the 1995 04 sub period. But the 1999 08 figures of NVA and NFCF show revival. Therefore this analysis seems to come out in support of the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Disaggregated Analysis is essential for assessing the structural dynamics of the sector. Guha (2008) noted that the inter temporal comparative analysis of the differences in the growth process at the disaggregated level explains the structural change that has occurred in the manufacturing sector (which in his analysis comes out to be substantial). An S curve pattern is expected to be followed by the growth and TFP in positive response to the reforms, taking the sector from a lower steady state to a higher steady state. At the disaggregated level, we expect a majority of sub-sectors to follow an S-curve pattern, but also some fundamentally non-competitive sectors to project a decline (due to comparative disadvantage). Trends in productivity growth at the (disaggregated) sub-sector level of manufacturing showed a much more varied pattern of growth than at aggregate level. Out of the twenty two sub-sectors analysed in their paper, three followed an S-curve pattern (14%), eight followed a J curve pattern (36%), and ten followed a hybrid S-J pattern (45%). This is to be expected in a situation in which different policy reforms are paced differently and affect different industries to different degrees and the analyses by Guha (2008), Hashim, Kumar Virmani (2009), Kaur Kiran (2008) and others have empirically substantiated the diff erences in interpretation brought about by disaggregate analysis and the differences in impact of the policy reforms on different industries. Also, using dummy variables to determine the effect of reforms on the TFPg across a disaggregated table, they find that according to the Growth Accounting Analysis, there has either been no acceleration or deceleration in all the subsectors (except Metals) and states (except WB and Haryana). But in their analysis using the Production Function Approach, they find that there has been a revival in the TFPg post 90s. But even those figures reiterate that the revival fell much short of the expectations of Liberalization. Table 7. CAGR Of Principal Manufacturing Variables Across Major subsectors Source: Own calculation Table 7 gives the two digit level disaggregated analysis for the Indian manufacturing sector. Only 10 major industries that contributed above 2% as share in output and employment have been considered for the analysis. All industries show revival in the late 90s, with respect to growth in share in manufacturing employment. Dye and Fur industries, Chemical industries, Vehicle industries and Tobacco industries are the only sectors that do not exhibit negative growth rates, though without exception all show declining growth rates in the first two sub periods. In the case of growth in input intensity, all except the tobacco and textiles industry shows an increase in the last sub period (from a declining path, previously) which raises concerns over the sustainability of output growth in the sector. The rise in input intensity seen in the late 90s raises questions about the accuracy of the J curve inference that was reached upon earlier. The Food and Beverages sector shows the tendency of c onsistent decline in growth in RGO and NVA. Equally alarming is the dye and fur products industry which shows a steep decline in growth in share in RGO and NVA from a previously stable position. Vehicles industry is the only industry that manages to without a substantial decline with respect to growth in output. The organized sector contributes only 20% of the total manufacturing output but more than 60% of its output while the unorganized sector accounts for about 80% of the employment but only about 33% of the total output of the manufacturing sector. This duality in the Indian manufacturing sector and the resultant structural dynamics and its implications (in the form of imbalances) finds reference in almost all of the growth performance literature. The sectoral, regional and (especially) structural imbalances in the manufacturing sector is also reflected in the form of the high wage differential between the registered and unregistered sectors, the differential in the employment and output share (respectively) of the two sectors etc. That is, the relative income contribution of the unorganized sector vis a vis the organized sector has been on consistent decline and this affects the labour productivity differentials between the sectors (Trivedi et. al 2011). Data and Methodology This study focuses on the performance of the manufacturing sector using aggregate and disaggregated analysis of it. While keeping the aggregate picture, it examines the component industries to understand the effects of the structural dynamics of the sector on the sectoral aggregates. The period of study is 1981 82 to 2007 08 (though in some cases it is extended to include the periods 1971 72 to 1979 80 and 2008 09 to 2011 12, as a result of data availability). ASI is the main data source on aggregate and disaggregate level data. Data on IIP and GDP is from the RBI Database On Indian Economy. IIP is an index of industrial production and not just manufacturing production, though manufacturing sector is a dominant component of the IIP (contributing over 75% of the total weight) and therefore, additional variables like Value Added, Value of Gross Output and Sectoral GDP are used to complement the accuracy of the inference. Net Fixed Capital Formation series considered for analysis is at book value and not Real NFCF. The sub sectors considered for disaggregate analysis are the Food and Beverages industry, the tobacco industry, the textiles industry, dyeing and fur production industry, the coke refined petroleum and nuclear products industry, chemicals industry, the metal industry, Machinery and equipments industry, Electricals industry and Vehicles (Automobiles) industry. Trivedi et. al (2011) notes that the contribution of TFPg to output growth for the registered manufacturing sector ranges between 13 to 25% using alternative methodologies and therefore the analysis of the same is essential for any comprehensive performance assessment. But since the estimation and analysis of TFPg is vastly out of the scope and time frame of the current study, we confine ourselves to a literature based analysis on the topic. They note that the regional TFPg differences brings home the fact that states without much output growth but falling or negative rates of employment can also show high TFPg rates. Therefore, TFPg cannot be unconditionally used as an indicator of growth performance. TFP levels should be assessed alongside to get a clearer and more accurate picture. In using Dummy variables to determine the impact of the reforms on TFPg by demarcating the pre and post reform periods, they note that it is difficult to isolate the impact of reforms from that of the other factors (that impact TFPg) in the dummy variable analysis and also that the time lags in the impact cannot be taken into consideration, under the same. Conclusions We find that the Indian manufacturing sector is seen to have faced a structural break when considering the growth in Real Gross Output and Net Value Added instead of Sectoral GDP. But this break is in the late 90s which gives basis to the J Curve hypothesis of output and productivity growth. Also the phenomenon of jobless growth is found to have been a feature of the manufacturing employment in the decades post reforms, though latest data (till 2007 08) helps in finding a sign of revival in the same. The disaggregative analysis bringss forth the disturbing trend in growth in input intensity in almost all the industries of the sector, thereby questioning the sustainability of the output growth achieved through liberalization. Tobacco, Dye and Fur, metals and Electricals industries are the only sectors that follow the J Curve pattern with respect to output growth. Indian manufacturing landscape needs to be geared up through expansion, diversification, technological and competitive scaling up and skill enhancement, TFP growth, Efficiency growth and expansion of global footprint, namely, mergers and acquisitions and/or capturing new export markets (in the qualitative side) (Bhandare, 2011). There is a need to improve (all three performance indicators, namely) productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of Indias manufacturing sector. And this needs to be achieved along with improvement in employment growth, keeping in view the demographic theory (the potential demographic dividend) and countrys projected aim of inclusive growth (as declared in the 12th five year plan). With regard to the expectations and fears regarding liberalization, Nagaraj (2011) notes that industrial growth rate has not accelerated, nor has the growth rate of labour-intensive consumer goods gone up; but there has been no de-industrialaization either, as the critics feared.

The Slums Of West County :: essays papers

The Slums Of West County It was our first day of freedom. On April 10, 1998, my best friend Laren and I were anxiously ready to move out on our own. We had been planning this for months, while sitting at Denny's for a few hours at a time. We were trying to figure out how much we would each pay in rent, bills, and food. Where we might live and what kind of rules we might have to keep us from killing each other (as roommates are prone to do) were other issues we resolved. So, now the two sheltered West County girls were going to have a taste of life on their own†¦ but not too far away from Mom and Dad, just in case something went awry. The big, beautiful homes we lived in no longer felt big enough for us, or rather, maybe they felt too big for us. We had picked an apartment complex that was only about five or ten minutes away from our parents and our jobs. Now we had the task of moving 20 years of accumulated boxes to an empty, different room. A room that was half the size of our own bedrooms we lived in now. We had been spoiled little girls and we were just starting to realize it. Two bedrooms and two baths seemed like it would eliminate many problems that roommates often have over sharing a bathroom or bedroom. We had a small kitchen, a decent sized family room with a cable hookup, and a living room connecting the other two. Upon seeing the model apartment the management had decorated, we thought our place would be well worth the money. Neither of us thought we could make such a heinous mistake. After all, we were still located in West County†¦ or were we? At 7:30 on that moving day morning, I felt anxious to get started. My stomach was screaming complaints at me for being so inconsiderate as to only feed it a breakfast of coffee and nicotine. I knew I had three hours until my friends would be here with the U-Haul, but my nerves were jumping already. I put down my coffee mug in the sink, made a sprint for the stairs, and ended up in my bedroom doorway to find my stepfather already unscrewing the bed frame.

Qualitative Researd

Peaceful End of Life Theory This paper is written to examine Corneila Ruland and Shirley Moore’s Peaceful End of Life Theory and its examination on promoting positive outcomes for patients and their families during the dying process. Also, examine how the theory is understood in the Christian view as well as viewing ethical principles. As a Critical Care nurse I care for the dying patient mostly on a daily basis. During this process, I not only want to care for the dying but, I want to learn how I can ease the pain and heart break of the family.During my study of Theory and Ethics, I discovered Cornelia M. Ruland and Shirley M. Moore’s Peaceful End of Life Theory. This theory shows how theory addresses the holistic care required to support a peaceful end of life. I found this theory to be useful by being free of the suffering of distress, providing comfort, respect as a human being, having peace and by being with those who care. (Martha Raile Alligood, PhD, RN, ANEF, An n Marriner Tomey, PhD, RN, FAAN, 2010). Ruland and Moore theorize that with easing fears of death, it can be a peaceful end of life event.Not just by providing daily needs and task but, also by caring for the dying (2010, p. 754). Many factors contribute to end of life situations for all patients, families, and health care providers. During the Peaceful End of Life Theory the standard of care is based on research in areas of pain management, comfort for the patient, nutritional needs for the patient, and relaxation needs (2010, p. 755). These factors are influenced by age, history of illness, religious values, and heath care concerns. Most of our efforts as humans are to improve our quality of life.Understanding the importance of having a peaceful transition into another stage of life is beneficial. Death is always inevitable and always a factor in the lives of family members facing such a stressful time. We should strive to help minimize pain and suffering at the end of our lifeâ⠂¬â„¢s journey with peace and comfort. Providing comfort is the most important part of quality care with an advanced illness. Within the peaceful EOL theory there are major concepts that are examined and reviewed by patients that are in the dying process. EOL care focuses primarily on comfort when a cure is no longer possible.Also, being free of pain is mostly the central part of many patients going through the EOL experience. A treatment plan should take place when a patient is experiencing pain. Becoming pain free is one of the major concerns of people dying (Dunn, 2001). To have peace with yourself and your loved one, you must distinguish your pain from their pain. Showing respect and having dignity helps the patient feel that they are still loved and cherished as individuals. Having peace with the decisions they have made and the outcome helps the patient transition over into the EOL concept.I feel that if a patient is not at peace with death and dying then it makes it extremely hard for the family. If a patient is having no worries or fears to leave this earth, then they are physically ready, psychologically ready and spiritually ready to face the end of their life. The last concept to talk about is being close to their families in a trying time (2010, p. 756). Feeling at peace and having closeness to others helps the patient transition peacefully which could be the scariest part of dying. During any point of illness patients and families need to be prepared emotionally and spiritually for death (Dunn, 2001).Ruland and Moore identified six theoretical assertions for the peaceful end of life theory that include: monitoring and administering pain meds, getting family involved in decision making regarding decisions that need to be made for the patient, relieving physical discomfort by encouraging rest periods, relaxation, provide support to the patient and family members, encourage family participation with patient care and last, monitoring the patients comf ort, dignity and respect (2010, p. 757). Critique Clarity In the peaceful end of life theory all of its theory has been covered and has clearly been understood.The assumption of the theory, that providing comfort for the patient allows a better transition into the stages of the end of life to supporting the family through difficult times shows how the concept varies in different degrees, but are all important to the theory (2010, p. 758). Simplicity The EOL theory has been described as one of the higher levels of middle range theories. It focuses on what is important to the patient at the end of life and how the patient views life. It also has several different aims and aspects on how one values the comfort and dignity throughout the rest of their life (2010, p. 59). Generality The peaceful end of life theory concept came from a Norwegian context that based a study on the dying. The theory is based on not being in pain, the experience of comfort, having dignity and respect, being at peace, and allowing the patient to be close to significant others. This theory allows the standards to guide a person through the peaceful end of life and allows the family to respond and adapt (2010, p. 759). Empirical Precision Each part of the peaceful end of life concept is based on the inductive and reasonable part of guiding the practice.With the EOL theory its five concepts measured were mixed. Its observations were based on the patient and family perceptions of their care with the decisions made during the dying process (2010, p. 760). In the empirical precision the EOL theory illustrates that the five concepts were beneficial to the patient and the family. As nurses dealing with end of life issues, we strive to take care of the personal values of the patient but, also the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of the decision process get in the way. Sorting through these issues helps to gain respect with the family.Conflicts may arise with EOL decisions, but establishing repo rt with the patient and families helps focus on the primary values of care (G. Leigh Wilkerson, 1995). Often time’s ethical issues play a big role in EOL care. For example, withdrawing care from a mechanical intubated patient is a big ethical issue. Are we prolonging life or are we delaying death. A lot of times holding people on through mechanical ventilation is not ethical. Sometimes patients get dependent on mechanical ventilation which delays death then the family has to make decisions to withdraw care.We should respect our patient’s autonomy and allow them the freedom to make decisions for themselves. We should practice beneficence, fidelity, and non-malfeasance as health care providers. Holding on makes it harder on the patient and prolonging the inevitable (Simon, 2008). As a Christian, letting my patient die with respect and dignity would be a victory in our Saviors eyes. Life is a gift. There is a time in everybody’s life that our body is not growing an d healing, but failing. This is when we enter into another phase of our life. Having a peaceful end of life is choosing quality for the rest of your life.Reference Dunn, H. (2001). Hard Choices For Loving People 4th ed. Lansdowne, VA : A & A Publishers, Inc. G. Leigh Wilkerson, R. (1995). A Different Season The Hospice Journey. Fayetteville, AR : Limbertwig Press. Martha Raile Alligood, PhD, RN, ANEF, Ann Marriner Tomey, PhD, RN, FAAN. (2010). Nursing Theorists and Their Works 7th ed. Marylan Heights, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. Simon, C. (2008). Ethical issues in palliative care. Retrieved from Oxford Journals: http://rcgp-innovait. oxfordjournals. org/content/1/4/274. full http://rcgp-innovait. oxfordjournals. org/content/1/4/274. full

Promote good practice in handling information Essay

OUTCOME 1- 1.1- IDENTIFY LEGISLATION AND CODES OF PRACTICE THAT RELATE TO HANDLING INFORMATION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE The Data Protection Act 1998 (2000). This Act gives the individual, the right to see recorded information about them. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. The Health and Social Care Act 2008. This Act established the Care Quality Commission as the regulator for health and social care settings. The Care Quality Commission (registration) Regulations 2009. These regulations apply to all regulated activities that an individual may want to participate in. The Freedom of Information ACT 2000.This act allows people to access information held by the national health service. All relevant personal information held on different individuals cannot be accessed under this act and is protected under the Data Protection Act 1998 (2000). All relevant and personal information should be recorded accurately and factual. Essential Standards For Quality And Safety 2010. Every social care setting is legally responsible for meeting new essential standards. All individuals have the right to be safe to have dignity and respect; they have the right for opportunities, to complete tasks. All individuals have the right to be protected from abuse; they have the right to have a duty of care provided for their well being. 1.2-summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practise for handling information in health and social care- Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight enforceable principles of good practice laid down in the Data Protection Act 1998. These say that data must be: * Fairly and lawfully processed * processed for limited purposes * Adequate, relevant, and not excessive * Accurate * Not kept for longer than necessary * processed in accordance with the data subject’s rights * kept secure * Not transferred to countries without adequate protection The Care Quality Commission also have national minimum standards about how confidentiality must be maintained. The inspectors from the organisation will check the systems for recording and storing information, and make sure that that they comply with regulations. All people who work in social care, regardless of whether it is for a large organisation or an individual employer should be bound by the professional codes of practice which give guidelines for professional behaviour that set out clearly the expectations of those who are working in a professional area. OUTCOME 2- 2.1- describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security- within the home in which I work there are many security blocks in place to ensure confidentiality is maintained at all times for the service user and the staff team. Regarding the service user all information relating to them is kept both on a hard copy, which is kept within our office within a  lockable cabinet which can only be accessed by those that need or have permission to access. Also we have a computerised copy which is protected so that only those working with the service user may have access. There is also other information present within the computer that only managers and seniors may access and this is only Kim Hare 01.07.14   possible through their individual log ins meaning other staff members may not access this at any time. Staff information is also kept as a hard copy and this is locked away within a metal cabinet and only the manager and deputy manager have access to this via a key which is kept with them at all times. This is also where staff 1:1 meetings information is kept safe. Again some of this information is kept on the computers but thanks to the information log ins for staff again only management can access this. Within our computers we also have encryption information meaning only those who have the authority to access this information are able too.

Free Essays on The Role Of Recording Studio Technology

Studio technology has developed drastically over the years and has become ever more vital to the record producer within the music industry. Different producers make use of studio technology in different ways, often depending on the style of music that they are producing, their preferred method of production and the band’s preference of sound. The development of recording technology has run parallel to a reorientation in popular music production. The goal of getting a good sound is no different now than it was when the first recordings were made, but the idea of what a good sound is and how it should be achieved are radically different. The role of the recording producer in popular music is very important; the producer plays a very big part in the realisation of a composition by deciding what technology should be used and how to use it. Interplay between the musician, record producer and engineer is critical to the recording process. However, what is eventually fixed to tape must first be composed around the limitations of the available technology. Thus the most direct interactions between music and technology occur during composition and realisation. There are a number of record producers who have become famous for their distinctive sound and their particular techniques and application of varied developments of studio technology. Some producers take much advantage of the technology available to them, whilst others seem to prefer to employ more classical techniques of record production, tending to shy away from the increasing practise of digital studio technology. Ross Robinson, well known for producing ‘nu-metal’ bands such as ‘Korn’, ‘Deftones’, ‘Limp Bizkit’ and ‘Soulfly’, generates his own distinctive sound. Robinson focuses more on capturing the soul and spirit of the music that he produces. He does this by resisting the use of digital technology and continuing to use ana... Free Essays on The Role Of Recording Studio Technology Free Essays on The Role Of Recording Studio Technology Studio technology has developed drastically over the years and has become ever more vital to the record producer within the music industry. Different producers make use of studio technology in different ways, often depending on the style of music that they are producing, their preferred method of production and the band’s preference of sound. The development of recording technology has run parallel to a reorientation in popular music production. The goal of getting a good sound is no different now than it was when the first recordings were made, but the idea of what a good sound is and how it should be achieved are radically different. The role of the recording producer in popular music is very important; the producer plays a very big part in the realisation of a composition by deciding what technology should be used and how to use it. Interplay between the musician, record producer and engineer is critical to the recording process. However, what is eventually fixed to tape must first be composed around the limitations of the available technology. Thus the most direct interactions between music and technology occur during composition and realisation. There are a number of record producers who have become famous for their distinctive sound and their particular techniques and application of varied developments of studio technology. Some producers take much advantage of the technology available to them, whilst others seem to prefer to employ more classical techniques of record production, tending to shy away from the increasing practise of digital studio technology. Ross Robinson, well known for producing ‘nu-metal’ bands such as ‘Korn’, ‘Deftones’, ‘Limp Bizkit’ and ‘Soulfly’, generates his own distinctive sound. Robinson focuses more on capturing the soul and spirit of the music that he produces. He does this by resisting the use of digital technology and continuing to use ana...

Free Essay about A Cab callеd Rеliablе

Free Essay about A Cab callÐ µd RÐ µliablÐ µ A Cab callÐ µd RÐ µliablÐ µ In Comfort Woman, Nora Okja KÐ µllÐ µr ambitious 1997 novÐ µl about thÐ µ survivor of sÐ µxual Ð µnslavÐ µmÐ µnt by thÐ µ JapanÐ µsÐ µ during World War II, thÐ µ author sÐ µÃ µms to strÐ µtch thÐ µ limits of thÐ µ mothÐ µr-daughtÐ µr form, in rÐ µsponsÐ µ to hÐ µr politically challÐ µnging subjÐ µct mattÐ µr. Although womÐ µn of KorÐ µa and many othÐ µr nations had bÐ µÃ µn compÐ µllÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ µ sÐ µxual dÐ µmands of JapanÐ µsÐ µ army mÐ µn dÐ µcadÐ µs ago, this shamÐ µful past was rÐ µopÐ µnÐ µd for intÐ µrnational dÐ µbatÐ µ in thÐ µ 1990s by historians' locating of Ð µvidÐ µncÐ µ of thÐ µ JapanÐ µsÐ µ govÐ µrnmÐ µnt's rÐ µsponsibility, thÐ µ public tÐ µstimoniÐ µs of womÐ µn survivors of thÐ µ camps, and a public rÐ µdrÐ µss movÐ µmÐ µnt/ KÐ µllÐ µr's novÐ µl sÐ µÃ µms informÐ µd about this dÐ µbatÐ µ and carÐ µfully craftÐ µd, and bÐ µcausÐ µ it is limitÐ µd to a singlÐ µ mothÐ µr-daught Ð µr pair it promisÐ µs to dÐ µlvÐ µ morÐ µ dÐ µÃ µply into thÐ µ innÐ µr lifÐ µ of thÐ µ mothÐ µr and thÐ µ psychological inhÐ µritancÐ µ shÐ µ has to offÐ µr than could bÐ µ donÐ µ in a vignÐ µttÐ µ-drivÐ µn novÐ µl of multiplÐ µ familiÐ µs such as Tan's Joy Luck Club. At thÐ µ samÐ µ timÐ µ, thÐ µ fictional, confÐ µssional format offÐ µrs an opportunity for grÐ µatÐ µr candor and introspÐ µction than might havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn possiblÐ µ in thÐ µ public, lÐ µgally fraught tÐ µstimoniÐ µs of thÐ µ historical survivors of thÐ µ JapanÐ µsÐ µ camps. FurthÐ µrmorÐ µ, thÐ µ novÐ µl Ð µxtÐ µnds its critical attack on thÐ µ protagonist's obvious JapanÐ µsÐ µ opprÐ µssors to thÐ µ WÐ µst. Having critically Ð µxaminÐ µd thÐ µ objÐ µctifying idÐ µology that Ð µnablÐ µd JapanÐ µsÐ µ authoritiÐ µs to viÐ µw KorÐ µan womÐ µn as military suppliÐ µs nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd for thÐ µ comfort of JapanÐ µsÐ µ soldiÐ µrs, it impliÐ µs that such Ð µuphÐ µmistic discoursÐ µs had an analogy in AmÐ µrican missionary idÐ µology, which in this novÐ µl is portrayÐ µd as rationalizing thÐ µ forcÐ µd convÐ µrsions of hÐ µlplÐ µss orphans. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ novÐ µl rÐ µpÐ µatÐ µdly associatÐ µs languagÐ µ itsÐ µlf with prÐ µsÐ µnting womÐ µn as objÐ µcts, Ð µvÐ µn whÐ µn thÐ µ spÐ µakÐ µrs arÐ µ admiring boyfriÐ µnds, husbands, and fathÐ µrs; and it attÐ µmpts to imaginÐ µ altÐ µrnativÐ µ, fÐ µmininÐ µ modÐ µs of communication that subvÐ µrt thÐ µ objÐ µctifying forcÐ µ of ordinary la nguagÐ µ and rational thought. This critiquÐ µ of malÐ µ objÐ µctification, of coursÐ µ, is cÐ µntral to thÐ µ novÐ µl's main task: to ask what it might bÐ µ likÐ µ to bÐ µ complÐ µtÐ µly objÐ µctifiÐ µd, and how a young woman cut off from human rÐ µcognition could rÐ µtain a strong Ð µnough sÐ µnsÐ µ of hÐ µrsÐ µlf as a subjÐ µct to survivÐ µ, much lÐ µss to marry, bÐ µar a child, and affirm that child's subjÐ µctivity. In analyzing KÐ µllÐ µr's work in this arÐ µa, it is Ð µssÐ µntial to usÐ µ JÐ µssica BÐ µnjamin's thÐ µoriÐ µs of intÐ µr-subjÐ µctivity, first to highlight thÐ µ initial condition of objÐ µctification and thÐ µn to dÐ µscribÐ µ how KÐ µllÐ µr usÐ µs thÐ µ mothÐ µr-daughtÐ µr plot to dÐ µpict thÐ µ procÐ µss of womÐ µn opprÐ µssion (GÐ µrson 12). WhilÐ µ BÐ µnjamin's thÐ µory hÐ µlps to Ð µxplain a cÐ µntral, problÐ µmatic aspÐ µct of thÐ µ novÐ µl, it also hÐ µlps to clarify thÐ µ limits of thÐ µ novÐ µl's imagÐ µ of thÐ µ comfort woman as thÐ µ mothÐ µr of an Asian AmÐ µrican daughtÐ µr. UltimatÐ µly, KÐ µllÐ µr's choicÐ µ to rÐ µly on mothÐ µr-daughtÐ µr bonds as thÐ µ solÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µs of intÐ µr-subjÐ µctivÐ µ rÐ µcognition makÐ µs thÐ µ novÐ µl unsatisfying Ð µvÐ µn as a fictional psychological portrait, bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ mothÐ µr-daughtÐ µr plot dÐ µniÐ µs that subjÐ µcts must Ð µxist in a widÐ µr social world (GÐ µrson 14). To thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt that thÐ µ novÐ µl imaginÐ µs any woman can rÐ µclaim subjÐ µctivity through thÐ µ rÐ µcognition of onÐ µ othÐ µr pÐ µrson alonÐ µ, mothÐ µr or daughtÐ µr, it rÐ µmains naivÐ µly sÐ µntimÐ µntal. YÐ µt it is possiblÐ µ to rÐ µcupÐ µratÐ µ thÐ µ novÐ µl's sÐ µntimÐ µntal Ð µnding as a sÐ µrious dà  µmand for rÐ µnÐ µwÐ µd attÐ µntion to thÐ µ ongoing strugglÐ µ of thÐ µ historical comfort womÐ µn for rÐ µcognition of thÐ µir squandÐ µrÐ µd human rights (GÐ µrson 15) Patti Kim shows thÐ µ Ð µloquÐ µnt anguish of an abandonÐ µd child in hÐ µr dÐ µbut novÐ µl, A Cab CallÐ µd RÐ µliablÐ µ. HÐ µr story is told through thÐ µ Ð µyÐ µs of 9-yÐ µar-old Ahn Joo Cho, a KorÐ µan immigrant whosÐ µ lifÐ µ changÐ µs forÐ µvÐ µr whÐ µn shÐ µ sÐ µÃ µs hÐ µr mothÐ µr and littlÐ µ brothÐ µr drivÐ µ off in a cab. ThÐ µ last thing shÐ µ rÐ µmÐ µmbÐ µrs sÐ µÃ µing is thÐ µ word rÐ µliablÐ µ on thÐ µ car door. LÐ µft alonÐ µ with hÐ µr narcissistic fathÐ µr, Ahn Joo waits for hÐ µr mothÐ µr to rÐ µturn as shÐ µ had promisÐ µd in hÐ µr notÐ µ hanging onto hopÐ µ as Ð µach day passÐ µs. ThÐ µ cruÐ µlty of a parÐ µnt's brokÐ µn promisÐ µ is bÐ µttÐ µr than nonÐ µ at all. LikÐ µ hÐ µr hÐ µroinÐ µ, Kim was born in South KorÐ µa and givÐ µs Ahn Joo thÐ µ pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ common to many immigrants: trying to blÐ µnd into thÐ µ mÐ µlting pot whilÐ µ, still maintaining a sÐ µnsÐ µ of onÐ µ's roots. Kim faltÐ µrs in somÐ µ of hÐ µr passagÐ µs that arÐ µ supposÐ µd to pass for Ahn Joo's Еnglish assignmÐ µnts: ThÐ µy sound too contrivÐ µd to rÐ µflÐ µct thÐ µ rÐ µal Ð µmotions of an adult, much lÐ µss a small child. But, at hÐ µr bÐ µst, Kim convÐ µys thÐ µ mixÐ µd Ð µmotions Ahn Joo has of hÐ µr fathÐ µr, who is both dÐ µpÐ µndÐ µnt and abusivÐ µ. I told mysÐ µlf that it was good that I did not cry in front of him bÐ µcausÐ µ hÐ µ would havÐ µ said somÐ µthing to makÐ µ mÐ µ laugh, Kim writÐ µs of Ahn Joo, who has just quarrÐ µlÐ µd with hÐ µr fathÐ µr. And laughing would havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ bÐ µginning of my liking him. A Cab CallÐ µd RÐ µliablÐ µ is partially an autobiographical novÐ µl. It prÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ first-pÐ µrson account of a young KorÐ µan girl struggling to grow up in AmÐ µrica. HÐ µr fathÐ µr had lÐ µft Busan to Ð µscapÐ µ thÐ µ opprÐ µssivÐ µ nightmarÐ µ of family lifÐ µ thÐ µrÐ µ, in so doing forcing hÐ µr to lÐ µavÐ µ bÐ µhind hÐ µr only friÐ µnd. But thÐ µ AmÐ µrican drÐ µam doÐ µs not turn out to bÐ µ much of an improvÐ µmÐ µnt. ShÐ µ comÐ µs homÐ µ onÐ µ day to find hÐ µr mothÐ µr and brothÐ µr high-tailing it (in thÐ µ titular cab) out of thÐ µ dÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd housing Ð µstatÐ µ whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µy livÐ µ, nÐ µvÐ µr to bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn again. Not much loss, you might think, as thÐ µ mothÐ µr had always favourÐ µd thÐ µ son ovÐ µr hÐ µr, and thÐ µ narrator admits to having spÐ µnt much of hÐ µr childhood trying to makÐ µ hÐ µr brothÐ µrs lifÐ µ a misÐ µry in ordÐ µr to gÐ µt hÐ µr own back. ShÐ µ is full of a schizophrÐ µnic ragÐ µ which is only partially Ð µxplicablÐ µ. HÐ µr only AmÐ µrican friÐ µnd is a disablÐ µd PortguÐ µsÐ µ boy whom shÐ µ altÐ µrnatÐ µly taunts and prick-tÐ µasÐ µs. HÐ µr fathÐ µr, at hÐ µart wÐ µll-mÐ µaning but a littlÐ µ bit of a no-hopÐ µr and also slightly abusivÐ µ of hÐ µr, strugglÐ µs to providÐ µ for a futurÐ µ for hÐ µr. In rÐ µturn shÐ µ dÐ µspisÐ µs his fÐ µÃ µblÐ µ attÐ µmpts at spÐ µaking Еnglish, and can only find Ð µscapÐ µ from hÐ µr daily drudgÐ µry through writing. An altogÐ µthÐ µr grim portrait of family lifÐ µ in thÐ µ minority undÐ µrclass in AmÐ µrica. NativÐ µ SpÐ µakÐ µr, Chang-raÐ µ LÐ µÃ µ's first novÐ µl, rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd a grÐ µat dÐ µal of attÐ µntion upon publication. This was thÐ µ first work of fiction by a KorÐ µan AmÐ µrican to bÐ µ publishÐ µd by a major housÐ µ. It prÐ µsÐ µnts a cross bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn a spy novÐ µl and a sÐ µcond-gÐ µnÐ µration idÐ µntity sÐ µarch was rÐ µviÐ µwÐ µd widÐ µly and for thÐ µ most part positivÐ µly, Ð µstablishing its young writÐ µr as onÐ µ to watch. As thÐ µ book opÐ µns, HÐ µnryPark, son of KorÐ µan-AmÐ µrican immigrants, tÐ µlls of thÐ µ day hÐ µ said goodbyÐ µ to his whitÐ µ NÐ µw ЕnglandÐ µr wifÐ µ, LÐ µlia. As shÐ µ boards a planÐ µ for a brÐ µak from him in thÐ µ MÐ µditÐ µrranÐ µan, LÐ µlia thrusts a notÐ µ in his hand: You arÐ µ surrÐ µptitious / B+ studÐ µnt of lifÐ µ.... YÐ µllow pÐ µril: nÐ µo-AmÐ µrican...strangÐ µr / followÐ µr / traitor / spy. LÐ µft to pondÐ µr thÐ µ implications of this stinging assÐ µssmÐ µnt, HÐ µnry gradually disclosÐ µs much about his past with hÐ µr, including thÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µnt loss of thÐ µir son, sÐ µvÐ µn yÐ µar old Mitt, who suffocatÐ µd undÐ µr a dog pilÐ µ composÐ µd of nÐ µighboring whitÐ µ kids. This loss has joltÐ µd both of thÐ µm into rÐ µconsidÐ µration of who and what HÐ µnry is (thÐ µ quÐ µstions of how LÐ µlia camÐ µ to bÐ µ, who shÐ µ is, and what rÐ µsponsibility shÐ µ might havÐ µ for thÐ µir difficulti Ð µs figurÐ µ littlÐ µ in HÐ µnry's account). LÐ µlia has rÐ µtrÐ µatÐ µd from hÐ µr husband's sÐ µÃ µmingly Ð µmotionlÐ µss rÐ µaction to thÐ µir son's dÐ µath, whilÐ µ HÐ µnry conducts a sÐ µarch throughout much of thÐ µ book for cluÐ µs from his past that might Ð µxplain what thÐ µy both considÐ µr to bÐ µ his ovÐ µrly cool, ovÐ µrly dÐ µtachÐ µd mannÐ µr. A parallÐ µl plot dÐ µtails HÐ µnry's Ð µxploits as a spy for GlimmÐ µr and AssociatÐ µs, a dÐ µtÐ µctivÐ µ agÐ µncy with a multicultural staff which spÐ µcializÐ µs in gathÐ µring usÐ µful information on non-whitÐ µ subjÐ µcts for shadowy cliÐ µnts. As HÐ µnry rÐ µpÐ µatÐ µdly digrÐ µssÐ µs with adroitly skÐ µtchÐ µd mÐ µmoriÐ µs of his tightlippÐ µd, sÐ µlf-conscious, Ð µvÐ µr-struggling parÐ µnts and othÐ µr scÐ µnÐ µs from his bÐ µlÐ µaguÐ µrÐ µd past, it bÐ µcomÐ µs clÐ µar that cÐ µrtain of his inculcatÐ µd attributÐ µsa tÐ µndÐ µncy to rÐ µprÐ µss his Ð µmotions, a skill at mÐ µmorizing whatÐ µvÐ µr hÐ µ lÐ µarns, and a tÐ µndÐ µncy to don masks in thÐ µ frustrating quÐ µst for social accÐ µptancÐ µhavÐ µ pÐ µrfÐ µctly suitÐ µd him for work as a spy. Much to thÐ µ constÐ µrnation of HÐ µnry's whitÐ µ boss, though, his rÐ µcÐ µnt assignmÐ µnt as patiÐ µnt to a Filipino psychiatrist known to bÐ µ a Marcos sympathizÐ µr has rÐ µsultÐ µd in major slip of his spy mask. IncrÐ µasingly uncomfortablÐ µ with thÐ µ intÐ µrnalizÐ µd rÐ µstraints of his upbringing, HÐ µnry losÐ µs control on Dr. Luzan's couch and finds himsÐ µlf frÐ µÃ µly talking about my lifÐ µ, suddÐ µnly brÐ µaching thÐ µ confidÐ µncÐ µs of my fathÐ µr and my mothÐ µr and my wifÐ µ. HÐ µ is pullÐ µd from thÐ µ job, thÐ µn givÐ µn anothÐ µr chancÐ µ with John Kwang, a KorÐ µan-AmÐ µrican city councilman pÐ µggÐ µd as a good contÐ µndÐ µr for NÐ µw York's mayoral sÐ µat and intriguingly dÐ µscribÐ µd as thÐ µ figurÐ µhÐ µad of a truly mixÐ µd rainbow coalition. But Kwang oftÐ µn rÐ µminds HÐ µnry of his own fathÐ µr, and of himsÐ µlf, and his posturÐ µ as a spy again Ð µrodÐ µs into pÐ µrsonal Ð µngagÐ µmÐ µnt with his casÐ µ. As HÐ µnry shifts back and forth bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µsÐ µ plotstrying to rÐ µconnÐ µct with his wifÐ µ and trying to dig up dirt on Kwanghis languagÐ µ shifts accordingly, moving back and forth from sÐ µarching, hauntÐ µd lyricism to clippÐ µd, tÐ µrsÐ µ spy-spÐ µak. Both voicÐ µs arÐ µ rÐ µndÐ µrÐ µd Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly, and thÐ µ lack of a unifiÐ µd narrativÐ µ voicÐ µ, whilÐ µ bothÐ µrsomÐ µ to somÐ µ critics, subtly signals thÐ µ linguistic flÐ µxibility of a pÐ µrson who has grown up working to dÐ µvÐ µlop an idÐ µntity largÐ µly by trying on thosÐ µ of othÐ µrs. LÐ µÃ µ's choicÐ µ of spying as a mÐ µtaphor for Asian AmÐ µrican Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly tiÐ µs thÐ µ two plots togÐ µthÐ µr, suggÐ µsting for HÐ µnry and thÐ µ rÐ µadÐ µr how bÐ µing raisÐ µd in an Asian AmÐ µrican housÐ µhold whilÐ µ bÐ µing pÐ µrpÐ µtually ostracizÐ µd by whitÐ µ AmÐ µrica can makÐ µ a pÐ µrson fÐ µÃ µl likÐ µ a spy on thÐ µ outskirts of sociÐ µty. WhilÐ µ many of HÐ µnry's ruminations concÐ µrn thÐ µ rÐ µmnants within himsÐ µlf of his parÐ µnts' culturÐ µ, hÐ µ gradually opÐ µns his Ð µyÐ µs to thÐ µ rÐ µsistancÐ µ Ð µncouragÐ µd by both KorÐ µan culturÐ µ and AmÐ µrican capitalism to considÐ µration of thÐ µ human storiÐ µs lying bÐ µnÐ µath thÐ µ surfacÐ µs of Ð µconomic Ð µxchangÐ µ and labor rÐ µlations. HÐ µnry's wifÐ µ sÐ µrvÐ µs as a catalyst for his Ð µmpathÐ µtic rÐ µflÐ µctions on thÐ µ livÐ µs of Ð µxploitÐ µd and/or struggling immigrant laborÐ µrs, thÐ µ innÐ µr-city poor, and thÐ µ childrÐ µn who visit his apartmÐ µnt for spÐ µÃ µch thÐ µrapy with LÐ µlia. Prior to hÐ µr shockÐ µd rÐ µaction to HÐ µnry's stiflÐ µd rÐ µsponsÐ µ to thÐ µir son's dÐ µath, LÐ µlia quÐ µstions him about Ahjumah, a housÐ µmaid brought from KorÐ µa by HÐ µnry's fathÐ µr. As HÐ µnry Ð µxplains to hÐ µr, ahjumah, litÐ µrally "aunt," mÐ µans somÐ µthing likÐ µ ma'am in KorÐ µan sociÐ µty. LÐ µlia "didn't undÐ µrstand that thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µn't momÐ µnts in our languagÐ µthÐ µ rigorous, rÐ µgimÐ µntal onÐ µ of family and sÐ µrvantswhÐ µn thÐ µ woman's namÐ µ could havÐ µ naturally comÐ µ out." In conclusion, it should bÐ µ notÐ µd that thÐ µsÐ µ novÐ µls touch rÐ µvÐ µalingly on many aspÐ µcts of immigrant and minority Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ, including thÐ µ difficultiÐ µs inhÐ µrÐ µnt in thÐ µ position of a minority politician, and tÐ µnsions bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn culturÐ µs. ThÐ µ works opÐ µn a way to nÐ µw thinking and prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ rÐ µadÐ µrs with an opportunity to undÐ µrstand KorÐ µan culturÐ µ bÐ µttÐ µr.

Try These Edible Fake Blood Recipes

Try These Edible Fake Blood Recipes What would Halloween be without blood? Fake blood can be expensive to buy, plus its not exactly edible, much less tasty. If youre going for the vampire look, you want blood you dont mind getting in your mouth. Otherwise, you might just want blood that you know is completely non-toxic. With those goals in mind, here are some recipes for realistic-looking edible fake blood. Please feel free to post a reply if you would like to share additional fake blood recipes. Fake Blood Cherry Flavor can of cherry pie filling8 ounces cream (softened) cheesewater Use a fork or spoon to remove the cherries from the pie filling.Mix together the pie filling gel with the cream cheese.Stir in a little water to achieve the desired consistency. Fake Blood Strawberry Flavor a packet of strawberry glaze8 ounces cream cheese (softened)red and blue food coloring Mix together the strawberry glaze and the cream cheese.Add a drop of red and a smaller amount of blue food coloring to achieve the desired color. Fake BloodSweetened, Unflavored 1/2 cup white corn syrup1 tablespoon cornstarch1/8 to 1/4 cup water15 drops red food coloring1-5 drops blue food coloring In a bowl, mix together the corn syrup and the cornstarch.Add water until the mixture is the consistency of blood.Mix in food coloring until you achieve the color of blood that you want. Note: If you use blue or green food coloring or one of the neon tints, you can make alien or insect blood using this recipe. Fake Blood Chocolate Flavored Sir red food coloring into the corn syrup until you have a deep red mixture.Add some cocoa powder or chocolate syrup to darken and thicken the fake blood.If the color still isnt deep enough, add a drop or more of blue food coloring.Stir in a bit of cornstarch if you want your blood to be thicker. corn syrupred and blue food coloringcocoa powder or chocolate syrupcornstarch (optional)

Team Discussion on The Mar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Discussion on The Mar - Essay Example Murphy-Geiss cites that modernization has contributed to increases in poverty for women and children across the world and that traditional religious beliefs have played a factor in cultural shifts regarding marriage. Similar to Lewins article, it points out how modernization and globalization have essentially caused conflict between modern views on gender equality and the traditional views inspired by religious doctrine. I do, indeed, believe that globalization affect marriages, in many instances due to distorted value systems. For instance, companies use marketing tactics to emphasize the importance of product consumption as a means of enhancing lifestyle (Boone & Kurtz, 2006). As couples live in commercial and Westernized nations, they each will likely adopt their own values about material possessions. One partner may find them important, where another does not. This can cause problems with finance or frustrations over not having enough "things" to satisfy their desires. When commercialism and marketing (as outcomes of modernization) begin to impact the marriage, the health of the union is threatened. Several attempts to access the "dinosaur" quiz met with failure as the link was not available for access. However, the other quiz indicated that I barely had an average knowledge of marital statistics (The Case for Marriage Quiz). Also, I would have never guessed that only 9 percent of intimate violence against women was caused by husbands, as the media often says that spousal abuses in the form of sexual assaults, as one example, are often caused by the husband or boyfriend. I think this is a great statistic in terms of securing the future of the husband and wife relationship, as only 9 percent of violence in these marriages suggests that women will not necessarily be victims of husband aggression. The source of the data is extremely important in sociological research, as one must

MGMT315 U5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGMT315 U5 IP - Research Paper Example The new office which is being planned to be opened in Austin would also need employee strength of the same numbers. This report would look into the various processes that the Chief Human Resource Officer has to take in order to acquire the brightest and the efficient talents from the job market and the strategies that are necessary to make an optimal workforce planning for the forthcoming fiscal year. Literature Review Any workforce strategist would employ a specialised process of identifying the right mix of talents in order to build up a successful team that would prove to be effective as well as efficient in their performances. There are several stages that most of the HR teams of an organisation undertake to ensure that the best talent come on board. The first step of any recruitment process is the job analysis. In this process the human resources department of the organisation has to decide how many roles have been created for that particular financial year. The managers have to perform a task analysis in order to understand the necessary requirements of the candidates who would be able to fulfil the job role. For this the HR managers has to find out the right educational qualification and work experience for the candidates and the suitable skills and experiences. The organisation has to take the help of the possible sourcing techniques like the job portals, employee referrals, newspaper advertisements as well as the other forms of the online media. The company can also go for lateral hiring and pick up candidates from the competitors. The screening and selection process comes next. This can be done with the help of written aptitude tests, psychometric tests, the screening of the candidates based on their educational qualifications and work experience, application tracking systems and so on. In doing so the company has to follow the legal and ethical mandates of the country. The screened candidates then would either go through a group discussion process or may go for an interview process which is generally held in different stages. The soft skills of the candidates are tested. The expected salaries and the other necessary aspects of the job like the timings; the responsibilities are discussed in this phase. Finally the documents of the selected candidates are verified and they are offered the job with the prospective date of joining and the mandatory medical tests that have to be undertaken. HR planning for new office in Austin In the first place the CHRO of Thinkcraft has to decide on the various kinds of roles and jobs that would be required to fulfil the requirements of the company. Just like the other offices the Austin office of Thinkcraft intends to have a capacity of 150 to 175 employees. This would include employees of all the levels. The Austin office would have a proportionate mix of software engineers who would take the control of the technicalities of the software support and the finance experts who would take care of the accounting and the core areas of the software for the financial institutions. The company has to ensure that the major process of the compliance and the auditing part are done by the auditors who are being certified by the government. This would require 50 technical experts and 50 financial experts. There would be 10 teams each having 5 experts from each of the specialised fields. The teams would be managed by 10 managers who have to be both technically sound and should have financial

Two State Comparison Finance of Higher Education Research Paper

Two State Comparison Finance of Higher Education - Research Paper Example About two-thirds of states allocate funds for education usually comprising from 10 to 12 percent of the state budget (NCSL 2010). In this work, I compared the Arkansas and Tennessee in their financing of higher education for possible lessons. Formula for state support to higher education. According to ADHE (2010, p. 3), A.C.A â€Å"establishes the process and key components for formula development for funding public institutions of higher education† that the State of Arkansas adopted. Based on ADHE (2010, p. 3), the content of the formula is the principle of providing â€Å"fair and equitable state support to all postsecondary students across the state, regardless of the state institution attended† while recognizing level requirements, equipment needs, unique missions, growth, economies of scale, and other factors. In contrast, compared to Arkansas’ equity-based formula, the formula adopted by the State of Tennessee for funding higher education is outcome and per formance-based. The TSBE (2011, p. 4) pointed this out very clearly when it emphasized a â€Å"productivity and efficiency through an outcomes-based funding formula† for higher education. The TSBE (2011 p. 5) reported that the outcomes based funding was approved for implementation since AY 2011-12 while the performance funding standard was approved for implementation since AY 2010-11. Institutional winners. ... Evaluating Tennessee’s progress on performance or outcome-based for higher education, however, may be too early because Tennessee has just begun their new policy. If outcomes and performance correlate with the income class of the student population, the likely winners in Tennessee will be the institutions catering to students from the rich. Conditions associated with state support for higher education. It follows from our discussion that the condition that should be associated for the state’s continuing support for higher education in Arkansas is that education should be extended especially to those disadvantaged by family income. However, there is no data available in the documents reviewed by this work suggesting that such a condition was imposed on the schools receiving state support in Arkansas. It also follows that the condition that should be associated for the state’s continuing support for higher education in Tennessee is improvement in educational perfor mance. However, similar to Arkansas, there is no data available in the documents reviewed by this work that such a condition was imposed in the schools for higher education in Tennessee. Trend on state support for higher education in the last five years. According to the CSEP (2009c), the ten-year budget change in the appropriation of state tax funds for the operating budget of higher education in Arkansas has been a positive 54.3%; the two-year change was 9.3%; the five-year change was 28.6% although the one year change was a negative 0.4%. Given the two-year change in state spending for higher education at 9.3%, the percentage change for Arkansas State spending for community college spending rose by only 9.0% between 2007 and 2009 (CESP 2009c). Nevertheless, based on

Industry Research Completion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry Research Completion - Essay Example According to Domansky and Williams (2006), the global automotive industry encompasses a few principal manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, Honda, Ford, Volkswagen and DaimlerChrylser that serve the global market. The globalization of automobile industry has resulted from the setup of overseas facilities and mergers between firms in recent times. The joint venture of General Motors and Toyota in New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. and Fiat holding an 85% stake in Ferrari are examples of such mergers. The Automobile Industry is one of the most important industries in the world, employing millions of people, generating billions of dollars in world revenues, placing more than 806 million vehicles on the roads, accelerating the business and commercial activities and linking person to person, area to area and country to country. It is more than a 100 years old. It came into existence in Germany and France and later grew in USA as a result of mass production. However, Papatheodorou and Harris (2007) state that considering the level of employment and revenue it generates, the industry is suffering from financial crisis with profit margins falling from 20% in 1920s to 5% in 2007. This may be due to the maturity of automobile markets in developed countries. According to Encarta Online Encyclopedia (2009), the Automobile Industry has tried to reduce the cost of transportation through mass marketing, mass production and globalized production. The world is headed towards the crisis of recession and economic slump which is expected to reduce automobile sales worldwide. The present economic downturn has proven to have hit the automobile industry sharply and there has been rapid decline in the sales of the industry. Political and economic instability, credit crunch, banks being more particular about auto financing and the rising prices of cars has impacted the

Investment Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Investment Report - Essay Example This will give the investors and interested buyers of shares the platform to take conclusive decisions about the company and its viability in investing. Jamie Demon is the current Chief Executive Officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co and operates alongside the Board of Governors and managers of the various components of the business establishment. The company is a front global financial firm and a banking institution in both the United States and across the globe. JPMorgan Chase & Co has a global coverage with operations in various countries (J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. 2014). The main operations of the company engage in the activities of investment banking, money-making banking, and small businesses, financial services for consumers, asset management, and financial transaction processing and private equity. Thus, in view of its areas of coverage in offering services, it encompasses all the essential sectors involved in the financial industry business. The company has several principle subsidiaries, which enlist as most of the leading operational banks. The company subsidiaries include the JPMorgan Chase Bank, the National Association JPMorgan Chase Bank, Chase Bank USA and National Association Chase Bank USA. It also has a national bank, which the company uses for facilitating and giving its credit cards and other national bank branches in the United States with 23 branches. The company also has other operational units, which are non-bank subsidiaries. The non-subsidiary unit includes J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which is operational within the United States and in foreign markets. The bank and non-bank ancillaries of JPMorgan Chase & Co operate both within the country that is the United States and traversing the globe, through all its oversee branches. In addition to having oversees branches, the company also employs the use of representative office, which help in marketing and facilitating the

The film Boys Dont Cry Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The film Boys Dont Cry - Movie Review Example Since its inception, films are determined to encompass a plethora of complete human activities and are saturated with them. Human mind and its excellence at aesthetic paradigm evolve out with multiple hues at length while coming into the interface of any art medium. Films like any other art medium involve human mind in its creation, it displays human action and most importantly they are made to be comprehended and enjoyed by human minds as its audiences. Films are always considered as a wide form of art medium through which the manifestation of the striking moving images decorated with vibrant colors and sounds enables a connection between the film-makers and audience upon the matrix of celluloid and the senses enhanced through the pictorial description of emotions and actions. The intensity of the influence which a film leaves on the minds of its audiences cannot be undermined at any level. Therefore, the sociological aspect of the film, or myriad social psychologies depicted through the medium of the films holds a very important space in the minds of the modern audiences. With the growing complexities of life, the films began to develop with foreboding complexities. Skip Dine Young in his book, â€Å"Psychology at the Movies† mentioned rightly, â€Å"The psychology of film can be unified by thinking of movies as symbols. Movies are symbols that have meaning; these symbols are created by ways do they infuse aspects of themselves into their creations? While it is probable that everyone who works on a movie brings something of him or herself to the activity, I focus on those artists whose individuality is in the foreground- the directors (who make the final choices about how a movie looks and sounds) and the actors (whose visual likeness is so vividl y captured on the screen)† (Young, 2012). A latent symbolic framework does operate within the films upon which the complex social psychology depicted through various modern films gets manifested. â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† as an independent American drama amazed the audiences in the year 1999 by depicting the story of Brandon Teena, a transsexual man and his predicament evoked the themes of desperation, insensitive attitude and the issues of empowerment and gender equality prevalent in the society of contemporary times. At the same time, the subtle display of psychology operating in terms of dealing with these issues in society forms the crux of the film. Social Psychology and Boys Don’t Cry In October 1999, the American drama, â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† was first premiered which was based on a real life story. Being the reflection of a true incident, the film mirrored many intricacies and complexities of modern society at length. Directed by Kimberly Peirce and co-written by Andy Bienen, the film stars Hilary Swank in the role of Brandon Teena whose powerful acting paved the way for her receiving Best Actress in the Academy Awards. Brandon Teena was a transsexual man who was allegedly beaten up brutally, raped and tortured by his male partners after they discovered that Teena had a female by body. Depiction of this incident through the medium of film was not a piece of cake. The film did not hint at only displaying the content as a crime thriller. On the contrary, a very strong social message was inherent within the film which evidently develops its social psychology. A strong notion and social perception towards body of a woman specially develops the pivot of the film’s aspect towards prevailing psychology of the society. When America was vouching on the propositions of same-sex marriages and gender equality, the film, â€Å"Boys Don’t Cry† reinstated the hollow pursuits involved with the concepts of gender equality and rights of transsexuals in the American society. If America with its teeming American dreams could not secure the rights of its citizen within a social structure which is so liberal and cosmopolitan in nature, it is quite evident that the future of the minor sexual entities such as transsexual men or women is in

Investment Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Investment Report - Essay Example This will give the investors and interested buyers of shares the platform to take conclusive decisions about the company and its viability in investing. Jamie Demon is the current Chief Executive Officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co and operates alongside the Board of Governors and managers of the various components of the business establishment. The company is a front global financial firm and a banking institution in both the United States and across the globe. JPMorgan Chase & Co has a global coverage with operations in various countries (J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. 2014). The main operations of the company engage in the activities of investment banking, money-making banking, and small businesses, financial services for consumers, asset management, and financial transaction processing and private equity. Thus, in view of its areas of coverage in offering services, it encompasses all the essential sectors involved in the financial industry business. The company has several principle subsidiaries, which enlist as most of the leading operational banks. The company subsidiaries include the JPMorgan Chase Bank, the National Association JPMorgan Chase Bank, Chase Bank USA and National Association Chase Bank USA. It also has a national bank, which the company uses for facilitating and giving its credit cards and other national bank branches in the United States with 23 branches. The company also has other operational units, which are non-bank subsidiaries. The non-subsidiary unit includes J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which is operational within the United States and in foreign markets. The bank and non-bank ancillaries of JPMorgan Chase & Co operate both within the country that is the United States and traversing the globe, through all its oversee branches. In addition to having oversees branches, the company also employs the use of representative office, which help in marketing and facilitating the

International Trade Theory and Policy Essay Example for Free

International Trade Theory and Policy Essay Multilateral trade negotiations forums are organizations established to regulate trade between many countries of the world. The agreement involves establishing organizations which regulate trade in the entire world. The increase in globalization has forced many countries to form regulatory organizations to avoid bad trade practices. To enhance trade many countries have created trade agreements to remove barriers to trade. Economic integration is the most important aspect discussed by the trade agreement organizations. The organizations aim at achieving an integrated economy where countries can trade with each other. After the World War II many leaders of the world felt that the economies of the destroyed countries could only be improved through trade. One of the proposals to improve trade was to create a laissez-faire global economy but this was rejected since it was not applicable. The leaders agreed to establish global trade organizations which would enhance trade by reducing the barriers to trade which had been placed by the countries. During the war many countries created strict barriers to trade to protect their economies from external influence (Anderson, 2005). The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs was the first agreement to be established. The agreement was established to enhance trade between the member countries but was later converted into World Trade Organization (WTO). The International Monetary Fund was also created to regulate the economic status of the developing nations as well as regulate international economic activities (Smith, Sumner Rosson, n. d. ). Reconstruction of the damaged economies after the World War II was the priority of these organizations. For many years several amendments have been made to accommodate the changing economic climate. Trade liberalization has been the most important aspect during the amendments. For example, according to Anderson. (2005, pg. 414), the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations led to agreements signed in 1994 that contributed to trade liberalization over the subsequent 10 years. † Despite the many advantages accompanied by the establishment of the international trade organizations, there have been several disadvantages accompanied by the activities of opening up of domestic markets to international trade. An example is the global economic recession of the 2007-2009 that was experienced by the world economies after the banking industry and the mortgage industry collapsed due to poor financial practices by the U. S. banks. Importance of multilateral trade institutions The multilateral trade organizations were created to enhance trade and stability of the economies of the member countries. Initially they were established to reconstruct the economies which had been destroyed during the World War II. Many countries realized the importance of trade in improving the economies after the war. Trade was the only tool that could restore the original status of the economies. Before and during the war many countries had put a lot of trade barriers to prevent trade with other countries. Opening up domestic economies required negotiations with all countries of the world to enhance a more open economic system (Warnke, 1996). Multilateral trade institutions improve international trade since they encourage member countries to open up their domestic markets to international trade. Trade disputes are resolved more easily between and among conflicting countries, hence leading to a good relationship between countries. Production according to comparative advantage has been encouraged by the improvement in international trade. Countries are encouraged to produce goods which they can produce most economically. Different countries have different resources which give them the potential to create income generating products. Through international trade resources are utilized optimally since an economy will specialize in the production of products which it has greater advantages (Bernard et al. 2007). International trade has encouraged countries to specialize in the production of goods and services. The mobility of factors of production has been accelerated by globalization. More industries are encouraging division of labor to increase the productivity of labor factors of production. More industries have developed with the expansion of international trade. These industries create more employment opportunities to the citizens of a country. As the par capita income of the people increases their living standards is improved. Poverty alleviation campaigns have encouraged improved international trade as one of the strategies to enhance development of nations (Bernard et al. 2007). Opening up the domestic market to international trade creates more advantages than disadvantages. The international prices are lower than the domestic prices. The consumers obtain goods and services at lower prices. The competition created by the international trade encourages the domestic firms to be efficient in their production systems. The customers are provided with a wide variety of products to select from (Bernard et al. 2007). Multilateral trade organizations control the globalization of economies. Globalization refers to the international operation of business activities and the transfer of information between countries. Globalization has affected business activities both positively and negatively. Global markets have emerged and many companies are operating in several countries. This has created competitiveness of the companies since the global markets are larger than regional markets. Globalization is the process of integrating the global economies, societies and cultures by connecting communication and trade networks. Economic globalization refers to the integration of global economies by enhancing trade, foreign direct investment, sharing of technology, movement of people and flow of capital. The factors which influence the rate of globalization are the world economies, technology, and socio-cultural, political and biological aspects (Warnke, 1996). Globalization has improved the exchange of technologies and knowledge. This has increased the capacity of businesses to expand on the number of innovative products in the market. The public sector alone cannot accommodate all the skilled labor in a country and trade provides more employment opportunities for the people in a nation. As economies become more global people with skills can move to countries where there is high market potential for their labor. The introduction of internet has increased efficiency in trade by enabling people transfer information more easily. Trade attracts private investment and this generates more capital in the economy. The gross domestic product of a country increases with increase in trade. Growth and development of an economic is accelerated by trade since more income is generated and the living standards of the people are improved (Daniels, Radebaugh Sullivan, 2007). Poverty levels in both developing and developed countries have declined by greater margins due to participation of countries in the international trade. Economies have acquired more wealth and the gross domestic product of countries has improved. WTO has become the custodian of international law on trade. The enforcement of trade laws about good trade practices has been possible after the creation of WTO. The establishment of regional and multilateral trade agreements was experienced after WTO was created. This has encouraged many countries remove barriers to trade (World Trade Organization 2010). Weaknesses of multilateral trade institutions Most of the multilateral trade organizations are affected by the political climate in the member countries. Any political war between the member countries can ruin the operation of the organizations. When the organizations support some political organizations; they affect the interests of the members and this reduces the delivery of the required obligations. Politically strong countries have dominated the operations of the multilateral organizations and this is causing a lot of concern to the global trade communities. Decision making at the trade organizations has become very difficult since many participants are not willing to accept rules which affect their economies negatively. Anderson (2005, pg. 417) suggests that although trade can and should play an important role in allowing developing countries to lift themselves out of poverty, in reality international trade agreements and institutions have more often than not contributed to the continuation of global social and economic injustice. The developed nations have dominated the multilateral trade organizations. For example, according to Anderson (2005, pg. 31) with decision-making based on a consensus system, so each member has equal decision-making power, the WTO is held to be the most democratic of all the international institutions with a global mandate. In practice, however, the working methods of the WTO lack transparency, inclusiveness and equity. There have been conflicts as the developing nations are becoming concerned about the great influence the developed nations have on the decisions in these organizations. Multilateral trade agreements are complicated to establish since many countries are involved. The interests of each country should be represented during the negotiations to ensure that conflicts do not arise afterwards (Amadeo, 2010). Despite the establishment of the trade organizations many countries continue to place more trade discrimination measures upon other countries. They include not just trade taxes-cum-subsidies but also contingent protection measures such as anti-dumping, regulatory standards that can be technical barriers to trade, and domestic production subsidies Anderson (2005, pg. 415). Many trade distortions have occurred since the global economies were established. Multilateral trade organizations have encouraged the opening up of economies to international market influence. The opening up of domestic markets has affected the global economies. Several disadvantages have been accompanied by the opening up of the domestic markets, for example, the global economic meltdown of the 2007-2008. The crisis started with the rise in prices for basic products due to the international increase in fuel prices. The prices of oil and food products increased within a short duration leading to an economic crisis which affected many people in US. The prices for many products increased and inflation was experienced all over the country. Many subprime borrowers had low incomes and the rise in prices for basic products increased the expenses for their living. Many companies retrenched employees to accommodate the increasing production costs. The borrowers were unable to repay the loans resulting to massive defaults. More than 100 subprime mortgage intermediaries filed for bankruptcy. Reacquisition of the houses from the defaulters caused a lot of people to become homeless (Platt, 2008). Subprime mortgages are policies which have a high risk of default. Subprime borrowers are the people with low incomes and have a poor credit history. They have higher risk of default compared to the prime borrowers. The US government had deregulated the real estate mortgages leading to massive investment in subprime mortgages. This caused the risky lending of subprime mortgages. The subprime mortgages were not popular initially but they became widely used in the 1990s. The climax of the sub prime mortgages was in 2006 when they accounted for more than 21 percent of all mortgages traded in the US market. The value of subprime mortgages in 2006 was valued at $600 billion. Many subprime mortgage intermediaries were established to reap the benefits of the expanding industry (Helleiner, 2009). The world economies have experienced a major decline due to poor performance of many industries. This is a crisis which has affected all sectors of the economy. Williams (2009) claims that the crisis was initiated by the subprime mortgage lending crisis in US. The banking sector issued many loans to subprime mortgage intermediaries. Due to the expanding market in the sub prime mortgage market many banks issued unsecured loans to the intermediaries. The climax of the boom was reached in 2007 when the prices of products started to increase and many subprime mortgage lenders were unable to repay their loans. This led to massive default of debts and banks registered huge losses. This reduced the lending capacity of many banks. The resulting effect was lack of credit in the economy and the collapse of many companies (Stapledon, 2009). The government of US is to be blame for the crisis. The 102nd Congress under the leadership of George W. Bush deregulated the housing sector in 1992 (Guttmann, 1994). The main aim was to increase the availability of money for buying housing. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac companies were deregulated and could spend $97. 50 to buy housing loans. Banks with $100 could spend more than $90 buying mortgage loans. The companies had been ordered by the congress to retain more capital to for risk allowance but this was not practiced. Since 1992 the mortgage sector experienced the highest boom with many companies investing heavily in the sector. Subprime mortgage intermediary companies were developed to assist homeowners acquire loans from the banks (Stapledon, 2009). The banking sector was the worse hit by the crisis. Inter-bank lending declined and banks had no money to issue to their customers. Most of the banks collapsed while others registered huge losses. This was as a result of failure by many subprime mortgage intermediaries which defaulted the huge loans they had acquired from the banks. The central bank could not lead to all the banks due to the massive crisis that affected the entire country. Since US is a market for many commodities from other countries there was an extension of the crisis to other economies causing a global economic meltdown. Many economies declined since they had no market for their goods. Inflation increased as prices persistently increased. The entire world encountered economic crisis which resulted into failure by all sectors of the economy in the world (Stapledon, 2009). Many international organizations have intervened to eradicate the problem. The intervention by the World Bank has created better results in the efforts to reduce the impacts of the crisis. World Bank has issued loans to many countries to increase the income levels of the people. Many companies have been able to access loans due to the fun ding by World Bank. The availability of loans has increased since last year and many companies have regained their capacity (Bayne, 2008). The World Trade Organization has negotiated with the oil producing countries to reduce the oil prices as one of the measures to reduce the effects of the crisis. The global oil prices increased causing the prices of many products to rise. The high product prices caused inflation in the whole world. WTO has also encouraged trade by persuading some countries remove the trade barriers they had placed upon their trade partners when the crisis was at the climax (Stephen, T. 2008).