The Role Ofreligion And Morality In Cats Cradle Essay Example For Students

The Role Ofreligion And Morality In Cats Cradle Essay As a creator, Kurt Vonnegut has gotten pretty much every sort of recognition a creator can get: his works held a similar influence over American way of thinking as did those of Jack Kerouac or J.R.R. Tolkein; his composing has gotten approval from scholastics and the majority the same; and three of his books have been made into include films. Society has for all time and discernibly been changed by his composition. Through available language and effectively got topics, Vonnegut has made works unpretentious, immersing, and natural. His principle technique for doing this is by abusing a subject with which everybody is recognizable and about which everybody has his own feeling: religion. We will compose a custom article on The Role Ofreligion And Morality In Cats Cradle explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Relatively few individuals are more able to investigate this subject than Vonnegut. He was conceived in 1922 on Armistice Day (November 11), an occasion commending harmony, in Indianapolis. His family was modestly well off until the beginning of the Great Depression, when they lost everything. In 1944, Vonneguts mother ended it all by overdosing on dozing pills. Before long a while later, he joined the military and battled in the Second World War. Vonnegut was caught as a POW and kept detainee in Dresden. Not long after his catch, Dresden, a totally non military personnel town, was shelled vigorously. Vonnegut endure the shelling, returned home, and turned into an author. His first book, Player Piano, got next to no notification at the time it was composed, 1952. At the point when he distributed Sirens of Titan in 1959, it likewise was to a great extent disregarded. In 1969, Vonnegut distributed Slaughterhouse Five, which was a prompt business and scholastic achievement. Slaughterhou se Fives achievement focused on his different works, and however Vonnegut was not as well known after the 60s, he kept on distributing effective books (http://www.duke.edu/crh4/vonnegut/). Vonneguts works have been delegated sci-fi, however that barely does them equity. His works are fundamentally affected by that kind, however contain strikingly significant analyses about contemporary American culture which set him apart from other sci-fi authors. His utilization of sci-fi draws an entertaining complexity between the extremely significant essentialness of the idea of the universe and of the real world, and the unimportance of human life and society. The entirety of his works stress the huge powers following up on his characters, not the least of which is destiny. As his composing advanced and developed, this elaborate subtlety turned out to be increasingly apparent. In his book Slaughterhouse Five, Vonnegut portrays his own style by methods for Tralfamadorians, an outsider race for whom time is nonexistent, and whose writing reflects this:Each bunch of images is a short, dire message depicting a situation,a scene. We Tralfamadorians read them at the same time, not one after the oth-er. There isnt a specific connection between all the messages ex-cept that the creator has picked them cautiously, so that, when seen at the same time, they produce a picture of life that is wonderful and astonishing and profound. There is no start, no center, no closure, no anticipation, no good, no causes, no impacts. What we love in our books are the profundities of numerous magnificent minutes seen all at once (88). To be sure, Vonnegut has excused fleeting congruity in his composition, and has consequently wiped out tension. Characters are frequently mindful of their own inescapable predetermination, as in The Sirens of Titan, and are vulnerable to prevent it from happening. Vonnegut clarifies that advanced society is a lot of like this individuals can see where theyre headed, yet are excessively weak or aloof to forestall it. In his book Cats Cradle, Vonnegut derides people groups careless, aloof acknowledgment of their destinies by depicting a circumstance in which inconceivably ground-breaking powers hurl around individuals urgent to get away from them. He presents civic establishments endeavor to end it all (Hocus Pocus, 72), the nuclear bomb dropped at Hiroshima, and closures the book with the entirety of the water on earth freezing as the aftereffect of a substance called ice-nine, and therefore human progress effectively ending it all. Unexpectedly, the man who made the nuclear bomb additionally made ice-nine, a man not malevolently abhorrent, however just oblivious. In this, Vonnegut depicts not just the stunning impact the powers of the universe have on us, yet in addition the impact a chosen few of us have on the powers of the universe. .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .postImageUrl , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:hover , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:visited , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:active { border:0!important; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:active , .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u448aff7148bc4c2452c2b70ef171a0da:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Heart Of Darkness - Cruelty EssayIn Cats Cradle, Vonnegut depicts an incredibly perplexing methods by which to acknowledge the impulses of the universe. It is a spoof of religion, and is the thing that religion would be on the off chance that it were deprived of all custom and doctrine. It is called Bokononism, and it uncovers exactly that it is so human to allow destiny to have its direction, and exactly that it is so purposeless to battle against it. The essential principle of Bokononism, as per Vonnegut, is that individuals should live by whatever foma (innocuous falsehoods) fulfill them. Individuals, as indicated by Bokononism, ought to do this with the goal that destiny appears to be considerably less predominant in their lives, thus that they feel that their own through and through freedom is the fundamental power in their lives. Vonnegut contends that such self-trickiness is one of the most vital parts of mankind (Understanding Kurt Vonnegut, 53-65). Felines Cradle was distributed in 1963, at once in American history when through and through freedom appeared to be the main power managing anybody. Individuals were burnt out on war, and tired of the danger of war. Individuals were very nearly losing confidence in government. It is in this condition Vonnegut set forth his assault on religion and on the human circumstance. The idea of ice-nine was just about as alarming as the genuine danger of atomic assault, so individuals could without much of a stretch identify with Cats Cradles plot. Vonnegut depicts government in Cats Cradle as viable just when a foe exists, and he depicts Bokononism as governments foe. At the point when the strain among great and fiendishness is high, says Vonnegut, the individuals can be monitored upbeat and. At the point when the line isolating them gets obscured, individuals immediately become frustrated and defiant. In spite of the fact that Vietnam, where the line among great and wickedness was practically nonexistent, didn't realize the finish of human advancement, residential resistance altered American life, similarly as Vonnegut anticipated. In this specific occurrence, Bokononism can be compared to Communism the ceaseless adversary saw, maybe wrongly, to be the most risky power on the planet. Felines Cradle isn't the just one of Vonneguts works which has such a hint of tension and criticalness; without a doubt, it is one of the characterizing highlights of his work. The pressure between the powers following up on humankind is higher than it has ever been, and in the event that one power should give way, life as we probably am aware it will end. The best way to contin ue is to persuade ones self that life isn't this deceptive, and that every individual can influence the result. This, as per Vonnegut, is the most essential foma of all, and it may have the option to spare development. English Essays

Stereotyping Comparison

Presentation Stereotypes are regular speculations concerning a specific gathering of individuals. Generalizing includes appointing specific arrangement of qualities to the gathering. Generalizations can be sure or negative. Generalizations are authored dependent on the accessibility of a steady and clear quality that is related with that specific group.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The generalized people or gatherings think of it as an affront and on occasion very upsetting since they may encounter fear of out of line treatment; it mentally influences the thinking about the individuals who are the people in question. Generalizing should be possible in two different ways: when there is speculation in the portrayals and qualities, and through inclinations which are subliminal in structure. Generalizing can be equivalently utilized with bias (USNews, 2010). Principle Analysis The three fundamental generalizations that will be examined in this article are: All Muslims are psychological militants; All Jamaicans smoke weed and; All Italians are in horde. All Muslims are fear mongers: This is a typical generalization among the nations of the world however it is transcendent in United States of America and its partners. This generalizing was boundless and picked up noticeable quality after the various bombarding missions by the Al-Qaeda and strict fundamentalism that is related with Islamic confidence. To comprehend the contentions behind this generalization, we should utilize rationale. Rationale is the investigation of standards of thinking; this thinking might be fortunate or unfortunate. Rationale is significant as in it empowers us to look at a contention all the more basically. The reason of the contention on this generalizing Muslims are fear based oppressors is that individuals ack nowledge this case without testing it. This generalization is just founded on a solitary encounter and contentions about generalizations are decided on one line of end. The end here is that from the relationship of certain Muslims with psychological warfare all Muslims are fear based oppressors (Mosser, 2011). The regular errors that are found in the contention are that there might be varieties in perspectives which are fanaticism and distrust. Stubbornness forestalls the affirmation of the opposite side of the contention. All Jamaicans smoke weed: Weed is related with enthusiasts of reggae and since Jamaica has a great deal of reggae fans by the way that reggae is established in Jamaica then all Jamaicans are weed smokers. So as to comprehend the contention about this generalization, it is critical to prove the cases that go with the stereotype.Advertising Looking for paper on social examinations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore The case in this contention is that all Jamaicans are weed smokers. The end concerning this case is valid since it is a psychological development. This is on the grounds that it depends on inductive thinking and nobody has gone the additional mile to learn whether all Jamaicans smokes weed. For this case and end to be affirmed, all premises controlling contentions must be followed. First this case should be assessed and afterward the main problems concerning the question recognized. The slip-ups that are regularly found in such contentions are matters of foreordained mentality and no gathering is eager to surrender ground on either side of the contention and each side in the contention will in general offer realities to help the case. Mentality is a typical factor that influences a contention since it characterizes the side of the story. All Italians are in a horde: It is by and large accepted that most Italians are goons and they are known to act as per crowd brain science. The contention hidden this discussion is that in each opposition or foundation, Italians are known for causing commotion. The normalized mental image of the Italians in the USA is delineated in motion pictures where since the times of Godfather a few films highlighting the Italians as crooks have been delivered. The slip-up in this contention is the since the psychological picture is as of now created, the slip-up of how to persuade those creation the cases is demonstrating hard. Likewise any discussion about generalizing is regularly partial and one-sided since these are the two premises with which generalizations are instituted. These contentions influence that picture of the casualties in the general public (Mosser, 2011). Subsequent to watching the film on the impact of prior convictions on legitimate thinking, I can infer that they in reality contort singular choices and thinking. The pre-decided convictions about homosexuality misshape the rule of consistent thinking. It is obser vable that people are wary with regards to data that they have made up their psyches concerning it. The previous convictions concerning homosexuality affirm the way that the generalized gathering is awkward about their apparent status and as such their psychological reasoning is influenced. Likewise individuals around them feel remorseful by affiliation (INTELCOM, n.d.). Generalized gatherings are regularly forceful; they over eat and frequently experience trouble in settling on sound choices. Generalizing, particularly negative generalizing has an enduring mental impact on the person in question. The generalized gathering during affiliations will in general be forceful and show some feeling of discretion (USNews, 2010). Determination Stereotyping is an exceptionally terrible wonder, it can deliver mental torment and at an outrageous level mental injury particularly when that individual is embraced contemplates. The generalization against the Muslims has taken a wide structure to th e degree that the Muslims are separated specifically countries.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References INTELCOM. (n.d.). How previous Beliefs Distort Logical thinking. Web. Mosser, K. (2011). A prologue to rationale. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. USNews. (2010). Generalizing Has Lasting Negative Impact, Prejudice has waiting impacts, study appears. Web. This paper on Stereotyping Comparison: All Italians are in a Mob, All Jamaicans Smoke Weed, All Muslims are Terrorists was composed and put together by client Logan Hurley to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Ratios

Ratios Ratios Home›Economics Posts›Ratios Economics PostsDQ 1.Ratios that could have been reviewed to detect the aging of equipment problemThese are financial ratios which give a clear evidence of how an organization uses its equipments. They can also be referred to as efficiency ratios. They are of two types namely receivables turnover and inventory turnover ratios.Receivable turnover ratio shows how fast an organization reduces its debtors. It is stated as:Turnover receivables= Annual credit turnoverDebtors/Accounts receivablesIn reporting the sales on credit, the value is usually given as a number in which they stand as a debt before they are subscripted. The number is usually the collection period.   This is the balance in trade debtors divided by the per annual credit sales.Mean collection period= Annual sales on credit       OR           365                                                                                                                                                                                                               Trade Debtors                                   Turnover ReceivablesStock turnover- This can be defined as the cost of sales in a given period of time divided by the mean stock level in the stated period of time. i.e.Stock turnover=Cost of salesAverage salesStock period- It reports the number of days in which stock ca be worth on hand. This can be stated as:Stock period = Mean stockStock period= 365                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Turn over on stockii. Those ratios which can be impacted on the repairs of the equipmentThese are financial ratios which measure the success of an organizationGross profit margin ratio- It is the relationship between the gross profit a nd the sales. It takes into consideration, the cost of sales but not any other production expenses.Gross profit margin= Turn over- Cost of sales                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Turn overAsset Return ratio This is a ratio which shows how an organization effectively utilizes its assets at hands to generate profits.Asset return ratio = Net Income                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               cumulative Assets.Return on Equity- It is defined as the value earned on investment in relation to the net profit generated.Return on equity= Net Income                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Investment Shareholder EquityB.  Turnover receivables- The ratio is useful in determining the amount of sales realized on all the transactions made on credit terms. It is normally reviewed in order to analyze the entire profit/loss margin realized to all the creditors of the firm. All the firm’s assets are reviewed in the process to figure out their current values. Mean collection period used in analyzing the total sales made on credit over a trading cycle of a company.   The ratio is reviewed in order to give a clear overview of the functioning of the firm. It determines the margins of profits realized in all the transactions over the trading period. Stock turnover illustrates the net average sales made over a given period of time. It is a major determiner of the operating averag e output of three products commodities. It aids in foretelling the required stock over a trading cycle of a given firm. Stock period is reviewed in order to determine the intake-output of the firm’s total sales within the trading cycle. It helps in the process of planning for all the firm’s purchases in a given period. Asset Turn over ratios is useful in analyzing low/high profit margins of a company in relation to its production turn over. They are normally affected by the competitive and cutthroat pricing procedures in the labor markets (Walsh, 2008).C. Concern about the:InvestorThe investor will have to consider in general the return in relation to his/ investment. In doing so, the following factors should be emphasized: The total turnover, the net worth of the business and the total assets.The sales to net worth ratio- this is the relationship measuring the per unit return on investment. This can be summarized as:Sales to net worth ratio= Total sales   Net worthTurn over to total assets ratio- This is a ratio which shows the value of sale generate on per unit asset. It can also be defined as the ability of an asset to generate income as a unit.Turn over to total assets ratio= Total turn overTotal AssetsIf the turnover of company is higher than the total assets and the net worth of the business, then the investor will be wise investing in such a companyCreditorThe Creditor should consider a company that can settle its accounts payables within the shortest time. This will ease resource acquisition and bills settlement. The following factors are taken into consideration: the Company’s cost of sales, the debtors, debtors’ turnover the number of days in the financial year, usually 365, Net profit, any non-cash cost and principle on accounts receivables.Accounts payable turnover- It is a measure of the company’s ability to clear it debtors, either partially or fully by utilizing its cost of sales. The lesser the value, is clear indication that the comp any experiences a hard time in clearing its debtors.Accounts payable turn over= Cost of sales                                                                                             DebtorsDay’s payable ratio- This is the measure of the number of days in the accounting period, a company is able to settle its debtors.Days payable ratio= 365                                               Debtors turn overDebt Coverage Ratio:This is the ability of the company to manage its debt at hand and it’s panache to take additional debts without worryNet Profit + Any Non-Cash Expenses/ Principal on debtFinancial ManagerThe financial manager’s obligation is to realize and ensure the efficiency of a company’s available resources. This will be in relation to the existing turn over or sales. The following factors are taken into consideration: The cost of sales, the stock at hand, number of days in the accounting period, usually 365, the stock turn over.Inventory turnover- This ratio shows the rate at which company clears its stock. The higher the rate of turnover, the better since it is healthy for the business. This increases the flow of cash and reduces storage expenses and other expenses related to storage. It is important to monitor stock turnover since it detects over and under stocking (Walsh, 2008).Stock turnover= Cost of sales                                                                     StockDay’s stock shows the mean time of days that stock is at hand, the lesser average days, the faster the rate.Day’s stock= 365 days/ Stock TurnoverDQ 2. Explain how each of the following ratios could support the allegation of poor billing performance (Failing to bill/ under billing patients). Include an analysis of working capital in the discussion.Working capital measures the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. It’s also determines the liquidity of a given entity i.e.  if the current assets can meet the businesses current obligations . Relationship giving value 1 portrays negative working Capital. Ratio more than 1 to 2 can be considered satisfactory. In this case Valley hospital is not utilizing its assets used to billing in the best way that can meet its current obligations. Current Ratio gives the measure of a company’s ability to meet its short term obligations using the assets at hand. If the current ratio is low, then it is a clear indication that the company is poorly utilizing its billing facility/asset. Return on Equity ratio forms a basis for the analysis of initiating new projects in a given firm. It gives rough estimates of the cost of undertaking the project in relation to the working capital of the firm as it indicates all the realizations from the firm’s investments within a stipulated period. It is normally rated above the leverage acquired from the creditors of the firm. It is a reference point that determines the establishment of any project in a firm. Profit Margin refers to the net income realized divided among the revenues of the firm. The ratio is used in comparing the performances of various related companies in the labor market.   The ratio is normally displayed in percentage in terms of dollars. A high percentage indicates proper control of the firm’s cost and vice versa in relation to the competitors. Days cash on hand ratio give an overview of all the business transactions as it relates both the expenses incurred and the revenue earned within the trading cycle on daily basis. Days in patient accounts receivables refers to the daily evaluation of the cash flows from the patients. It gives an average of all the payments collected from the patients within a stated time. The ratio is useful in planning for the process of funding the health care units as much of the receivables are used in purchasing all the requirements in the unit (Walsh, 2008).

Rhetorical Strategies America s Teen Anxiety Epidemic

Rhetorical Strategies in Cunnion’s â€Å"America’s Teen Anxiety Epidemic is Heartbreaking. Parents, Here’s The Incredible Think You Might Do Now† Does the anxiety of children rely heavily on that of their parents? One author, Jeannie Cunnion, wrote â€Å"America’s teen anxiety epidemic is heartbreaking. Parents, here’s the incredible thing you might do now,† published in 2017 in Foxnews argues that the anxiety that parents have gets projected onto their children which is the reason for kids high anxiety. Cunnion builds the integrity of her argument by using personal facts, reputable sources, and a vast array of emotional appeals; however, at the end of the argument, the emotional appeal used weakens Cunnion argument to a portion of her audience.†¦show more content†¦Yet, while Cunnion tries to promise a good appeal to ethos, her logos appeal lacks in its approach to actually providing more statistics and facts. She points out that â€Å"The primary message our kids receive is that they’d better be the best at everything, and this leaves them afraid to reveal their inadequacies and insecuri ties—and hiding behind the best version of themselves† (Cunnion). There is no sound evidence provided to support this claim, yet the reader is left to assume that kids are left feeling inadequate due to having to be the best at everything. There are an abundance of sentences like that throughout the article that makes claims with no support. Even the layout of the article can get a bit choppy while reading. Paragraphs jump back and forth from it’s the parents fault; to kids trying to figure out if â€Å"is who I am enough?† (Cunnion) back to it being the parents fault and then low and behold the ending has to do with the Word of God. Though, what Cunnion is lacking in logos, she makes up for in pathos, or emotional appeal, throughout the beginning and mid-section of her article. Towards the beginning of the article Cunnion uses a lot of powerful phrases that are intended to latch on to the heart strings of parents and create a desire and want to take action. In a specific piece of the article, she states â€Å"If you’re reading this article as a mom, I imagine it breaks your heart like it breaks mineShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagescourses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston

Assignment Unit 4 Legal And Ethical Issuesfin Essay

Assignment Unit 4 Legal and Ethical issues Legal issues Legal issues that affect Northbrook college are: Data Protection Act 1998: This controls the personal information that the government or organisations have of you and how it will be used. This gives individuals the right to know what information is held about them. The Data Protection act as 8 principles; 1) Data may only be used for the purpose it is collected. 2) Data must not be passed on to other people without the consent of the person whom it is about. 3) People have the right of access to the information held about them. 4) Personal information may be kept for no longer than is necessary and must be kept up to date. 5) Personal information may not be†¦show more content†¦The codes will certainly protect IT administrators who run the servers and will often be the first to detect misuse. Northbrook shows the codes of practice as they welcome everyone to college despite the students abilities, background and characteristics – including the adult’s age, sex, sexual orientation, religious persuasion, racial origin, ethnic group, and cultural and linguisiotic heritage. An organisation’s policies may have a significant effect on how it treats information. This is the equality and diversity policy of Northbrook. This is what every organisational policies should be. Information ownership This would prevent staff at one location accessing information held at another location even though the company would be happy for them to do so. The department that produced the data should own every field of data in every record. They should have the responsibility for making sure that it is entered into the computer system in a timely way, that it is correct and that it is consistent. This links in with plagiarism at Northbrook. Security of information and back ups Northbrook keep all data and information stored at broad water campus in a fireproof cabinet. They have backups frequently to make sure all information is kept safe and not lost. Health and safety polices to abide by Northbrook have a Health and safety page on Blackboard for all students and

Management of pressure ulcers in a high risk patient a case study Free Essays

string(37) " bed with the support of wheelchair\." 1. Introduction Clinically, pressure ulcers are defined as the lesions that are the result of localized tissue damage or cell death (generally necrosis), developed because of pressure over a bony prominence.More commonly, they are also known as pressure sores or bedsores as they are mainly developed by patients that are bed-bound (Wake, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Management of pressure ulcers in a high risk patient: a case study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Approximately, 3 million adults are affected by pressure ulcers and are most common in hospitalized patients (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). However, effective management and care plans against pressure ulcers are still lacking. The role of nursing care is a fundamental aspect to pressure ulcer management, including its prevention and treatment (Wake, 2010). In this case study report, I visited a diabetic patient as a district nurse for insulin administration and provide support by assessing the patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers due to associated pathological and other risk factors. 1.1. Purpose of the study In all health care settings, pressure ulcers remain one of the major issues. More so, pressure sores or pressure ulcers are associated with significant cause for morbidity in the medical community. The main purpose of this patient visit was to provide healthcare support for patients who were at risk of developing pressure ulcer. The healthcare support included the risk minimisation by doing risk assessment, therapeutic interventions, suggestions for lifestyle changes including exercise and dietary habit. All these were targeted with the views of providing timely assessment of pressure ulcers in high risk patients, and suggest therapeutic interventions for timely treatment of the condition. 1.2.Patient history The patient was 75 years old male, diabetic and paralysed due to recent stroke attack. He was completely bed bound and was on wheelchair. Furthermore, the patient was suffering from cancer of the oesophagus. Since the patient could not mobilize, his family members and carers used to transfer him from the bed to his wheelchair and wheelchair to his bed. 1.3. Risk assessments of needs, vulnerabilities and strengths of the patient The patient was chronically ill and had several complications associated with his conditions. Stroke attack had caused him paralysis and was unable to move. This had put him in significant risk of developing pressure ulcers. The patient was also diabetic. Diabetes causes slow healing of wounds that may lead to ulcer (Guo, et.al. 2010). In this patient, the combination of factors including diabetes and immobility had increased his risk of developing pressure ulcers. Other factors such as old age of the patient, cancer and dietary factors would trigger the development of these pressure sores. Cancer is a chronic disease that may cause severe debilitation and prolonged confinement to bed. Therefore, it is expected that patients with cancer are at significant risk of developing pressure ulcers (Walker, 2001). Diet may have a supporting role in the development of pressure ulcers. Although the role of nutrition in preventing the development of pressure ulcers is still debatable, it is obv ious that patients who are malnourished are at risk of developing those (Doley, 2010). Thus, nutrition therapy could be central in minimising the risk of developing pressure ulcers. It was seen that the patient was clearly underweight due to his chronic health conditions. Overall, the following risk factors of the patient were considered while making his assessment. Based on these risk factors, care plans and suggestions were made to minimise the risk in the patient. Sensory factor: This factor was assessed in order to identify how well the patient can process sensory input from the skin, as well as how effectively he can communicate level of sensation. Since the assessment of skin is an important way to identify patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers, it would ensure the degree of risk of pressure ulcer in this patient and hence, take measures to prevent them before complications arise. Moisture: Moisture is another hallmark of pressure ulcers. Excess skin moisture puts patients at greater risk of developing pressure ulcers. It is common that patients who are confined to bed produce more sweat. Thus, it is required to evaluate what degree the skin is exposed to moisture. Activity Lack of activity is one of major risk factors of developing pressure ulcers in bedbound patients. Continuous friction between the skin and bed mattress may result the development of pressure sores. Measuring the activity is another important parameter to predict the patients’ risk of pressure, irrespective of their degree of mobility. Patients who are unable to move need to be physically turned by healthcare staffs or family members at regular intervals Nutrition As mentioned earlier, although nutrition may not have direct effects on the patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcers, it may be possible that lack of required nutrients may increase its complications. It is thus important to evaluate what constitutes the usual pattern and amount of caloric intake in the patients. After evaluating the above risk factors in the patient, it was concluded that the patient was likely to develop pressure ulcers if timely interventions were not introduced. These would have direct effect in patient’s health. These ulcers influence the risk of bacterial and viral infections, which can become life threatening in chronically ill patients. In addition, there is a high rate of mortality associated with pressure ulcers. Mortality rate is high as 60% is reported in older patients with pressure ulcers within 1 year of hospital discharges (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). The patient in this case study could have weakened immune system due to his old age and illnesses such as cancer and diabetes. In immune-compromised patients, the risk of infections spreading into their blood and other organs of the body are considerably high. This may result blood poisoning and septicaemia. Both these conditions are very fatal and categorised as medical emergencies (Redelings, et.al. 2005). However, despite of several associated risk factors, the patient was provided with proper care and support by his carers and family members. He was regularly taken off from his bed with the support of wheelchair. You read "Management of pressure ulcers in a high risk patient: a case study" in category "Essay examples" More so, the patient was on medications to control his blood sugar. He was also supplemented with vitamin to strengthen his immunity. To conclude, patient although was receiving appropriate healthcare service, these were mainly therapeutics which included medications against the chronic illnesses which he had. Patient and family members were lacking suggestions and expert advice in regards to minimising the risk of pressure ulcers. It was also observed that the patient was provided with a normal bed and mattress that would further trigger the risk of developing sores. 2. Interventions and referrals After evaluating the patient’s condition, as a district nurse, I provided the evidence based interventions and referrals to the patient and his family members and carers as preventive approaches of pressure ulcers. Firstly, the patient was provided with a hospital bed with pressure relieving mattresses. This would help minimise the friction between patient’s body and the bed and hence, reduce the risk of pressure ulcers. Moreover, this would provide support surfaces and help in pressure redistribution (Stannard, 2012). Several recommendations for skin care including the use of cold water instead of hot water, use of mild cleansing agents to minimise irritation and dryness of the skin and excessive moisture was suggested. The patient was also advised to avoid low humidity as it may promote scaling and dryness (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). Further suggestion such as avoiding mechanical loading was given. This is considered as one of the most effective preventive measures of p ressure ulcers in hospitalized patients (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). Thus, family members were advised to frequently turn and reposit the patient while in bed. It is essential that patient intake adequate levels of both macro and micronutrients to prevent complications of pressure ulcers. This patient was already supplemented with vitamins and minerals, so no action was taken. However, the patient was suggested to eat diet high in proteins, which are essential for wound-healing and overcome malnutrition. Management of pain is another key aspect in patients with pressure ulcers (Cooper, 2013). Pressure ulcers can be very painful and may require interventions with analgesics (Wake, 2010). However, this patient did not require analgesic treatment as the pain due to pressure ulcers was not very severe. Instead, focus was given on the preventative approaches in minimising the complications associated with pressure ulcers. Finally, the focus was given on the patient/carer education in the management of pressure ulcers. Both patient and carers/family members were made aware about the risk factors of pressure ulcers. Also, they were educated and made aware on the most vulnerable sites of the body that are at risk of developing pressure ulcers. General training was also given on how to take care of skins and methods for pressure reduction. They were told about the severity of the condition and requested to seek medical advice if symptoms of pressure ulcers persist. 3.Critical evaluation and evidence-based examination of outcomes of interventions and referrals The interventions and referrals made for the patient in this case study were evidence based. Risk assessment was made considering the standard pressure ulcer prediction tool, Braden Scale, by observing the six vital signs of pressure ulcers as explained earlier. This tool has allowed for the early prediction of pressure ulcers and thus introduction of early interventions before the complications are developed (Sving, 2014). Classification of pressure ulcers is one of the best ways to predict its outcome. Pressure ulcers are classified into various stages (Lyder and Ayello, 2008). Stage I is determined by the presence of redness in the skin. In case if the redness in the skin is observed, nurses are required to make thorough skin inspection and advice patients about the preventive measures. Stage II is characterized by the loss of skin with the presence of blisters. In stage III loss of skin is quite thick; however, not exposed to muscle or bone tissue. In this stage, there is a high risk of infections, so care should be given in personal hygiene (Sving, 2014). Also, patient should be suggested to include vitamins and minerals in the diet to prevent the possible risk of infection. In stage IV there may be an exposure to bone, tendon and muscle. This condition is considered as potentially dangerous, due to associated risk of life threatening bacterial infections. In many cases, this may also require hospi tal admission to reduce further complications (Lyder and Ayello, 2008; Sving, 2014). To conclude, nurses are required to assess various stages of pressure ulcers and provide treatments and suggestions based on these stages. This is because; different stages of pressure ulcers may require different treatment plans. Some could be minor and may be improved through general suggestions such as encouraging patients to move and involve in physical activities and maintaining healthy diet; whereas some may require therapeutic interventions including the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, dressing and cleaning of the wound and hospital admissions if complications are severe. (Wake, 2010). Ample evidence is now available on the understanding of effective pressure ulcer treatments. Treatment strategies such as use of hospital bed, avoiding mechanical loading, and physical activity are now considered as the standard form of treatments in pressure ulcers. These approaches not only reduce the risk of pressure ulcers, but are also beneficial in lowering its complications. Furthermore, the association of pressure ulcers with other chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and stroke are well understood. Thus, much attention is to be given while giving care to the patients who have these conditions. Educating patient and family members on the risk factors and management is another approach to pressure ulcer management as suggested by NICE guidelines (Wake, 2010) However, the available knowledge on the evaluation of risk assessment of pressure seems insufficient. The evidence lacks support and requires further epidemiological research to understand risk factors of pressure ulcers in greater depth. Some of the interventions and their effectiveness including re-positioning and nutrition are still questionable. Further studies on the influence of different turning intervals on the development of pressure ulcers need to be carried out. Similarly, what specific diet is suitable for pressure ulcer patients needs further clarification. Appendix1: Care plan of the patient Risk assessmentCare goalsInterventions and evaluations Patient’s needs and vulnerabilities : old age, bed-bound, chronic diseases including cancer and diabetes, paralysed due to strokeTo identify the patient’s risk of developing pressure ulcersThe patient was provided with hospital bed, cushion for his wheelchair and family members were suggested to move the patient time to time Patient’s strength: on proper medications, carers and family members providing the support, supplemented with vitamins and minerals to boost the immune functionTo build on the patient’s strengths and to meet his needsPatient was provided with full support from the family members. High protein diet was suggested as this may improve would-healing. Signs of complications, such as pain, bacterial and viral infections.To avoid complications associated with infections including blood poisoning and septicaemiaImmune booster such as vitamins and disinfectant creams to avoid infections. References Cooper, K.L. 2013, â€Å"Evidence-based prevention of pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit†, Critical Care Nurse, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 57-66. Doley, J. 2010, â€Å"Nutrition management of pressure ulcers†, Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 50-60. Guo, S and DiPietro, L.A, 2010. Journal of dental research. Factors Affecting Wound Healing, vol. 89, no. 3, 219-229. Lyder, C.H and Ayello, E.A, 2008. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Pressure Ulcers: A Patient Safety Issue. Lyder, C.H, 2003. Clinician’s corner. Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management, vol. 289, no. 2, pp. 223-226. Lyder, C.H. 2006, â€Å"Assessing risk and preventing pressure ulcers in patients with cancer†, Seminars in oncology nursing, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 178-184. McInnes, E., Jammali-Blasi, A., Bell-Syer, S., Dumville, J. Cullum, N. 2012, â€Å"Preventing pressure ulcers–Are pressure-redistributing support surfaces effectiveA Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis†,International journal of nursing studies, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 345-359. Redelings, M.D., Lee, N.E. Sorvillo, F. 2005, â€Å"Pressure ulcers: more lethal than we thought?†, Advances in Skin Wound Care, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 367-372. Stannard, D. 2012, â€Å"Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention†, Journal of perianesthesia nursing : official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses / American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 341-342. Stechmiller, J.K. 2010, â€Å"Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing†, Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 61-68. Sving, E., Idvall, E., Hogberg, H. Gunningberg, L. 2014, â€Å"Factors contributing to evidence-based pressure ulcer prevention. A cross-sectional study†, International journal of nursing studies, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 717-725. Wake, W.T. 2010, â€Å"Pressure ulcers: what clinicians need to know†, The Permanente journal, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 56-60. How to cite Management of pressure ulcers in a high risk patient: a case study, Free Case study samples

Equal Rights, Equal Obligations, Equal Opportunities free essay sample

This essay discusses women in the military and the law. This paper discusses the legal basis of the situation of women in the military, and relevant court cases such as Hoyt v. Florida, Taylor v. Louisiana, US vs. St. Clair, Rostker v. Goldberg, Craig v. Boren, and Schlesinger vs. Ballard. Discusses myths and truths regarding women and military service. Argues for equal rights, equal obligations, and equal opportunities within military and civilian spheres. From the paper: Men and women are treated unequally in regards to military service. Men are required to register for the Selective Service when they turn 18, while women are exempt. While women are allowed to perform most jobs in the military, they are still restricted from some combat roles. This gender inequality stems from antiquated notions of female weakness and domesticity, which have no legal validity in our society today. Furthermore, limiting womens roles in the military violates womens rights to be full and equal citizens of the United States, with all the privileges, obligations, and duties that carries with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Equal Rights, Equal Obligations, Equal Opportunities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Comparative Advantage Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay Example

Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome Essay From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In economics, the law of comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, a firm, or a country) to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party. It is the ability to produce a product with the highest relative efficiency given all the other products that could be produced. 1][2] It can be contrasted with absolute advantage which refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost than another. Comparative advantage explains how trade can create value for both parties even when one can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The net benefits of such an outcome are called gains from trade. It is the main concept of the pure theory of international trade. Contents | |[hide] | |1 Origins of the theory | |2 Examples | |2. 1 Example 1 | |2. Example 2 | |2. 3 Example 3 | |3 Effect of trade costs | |4 Effects on the e conomy | |5 Considerations | |5. 1 Development economics | |5. Free mobility of capital in a globalized world | |6 See also | |7 Notes | |8 References | |9 External links | [pic][edit] Origins of the theory Comparative advantage was first described by Robert Torrens in 1815 in an essay on the Corn Laws. He concluded it was to Englands advantage to trade with Portugal in return for grain, even though it might be possible to produce that grain more cheaply in England than Portugal. However, the concept is usually attributed to David Ricardo who explained it in his 1817 book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in an example involving England and Portugal. [3] In Portugal it is possible to produce both wine and cloth with less labor than it would take to produce the same quantities in England. However the relative costs of producing those two goods are different in the two countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Advantage: Concept and Benefits of Outcome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In England it is very hard to produce wine, and only moderately difficult to produce cloth. In Portugal both are easy to produce. Therefore while it is cheaper to produce cloth in Portugal than England, it is cheaper still for Portugal to produce excess wine, and trade that for English cloth. Conversely England benefits from this trade because its cost for producing cloth has not changed but it can now get wine at a lower price, closer to the cost of cloth. The conclusion drawn is that each country can gain by specializing in the good where it has comparative advantage, and trading that good for the other. edit] Examples The following hypothetical examples explain the reasoning behind the theory. In Example 2 all assumptions are italicized for easy reference, and some are explained at the end of the example. [edit] Example 1 Two men live alone on an isolated island. To survive they must undertake a few basic economic activities like water carrying, fishing, cooking and shelter constr uction and maintenance. The first man is young, strong, and educated. He is also faster, better, and more productive at everything. He has an absolute advantage in all activities. The second man is old, weak, and uneducated. He has an absolute disadvantage in all economic activities. In some activities the difference between the two is great; in others it is small. Despite the fact that the younger man has absolute advantage in all activities, it is not in the interest of either of them to work in isolation since they both can benefit from specialization and exchange. If the two men divide the work according to comparative advantage then the young man will specialize in tasks at which he is most productive, while the older man will concentrate on tasks where his productivity is only a little less than that of the young man. Such an arrangement will increase total production for a given amount of labor supplied by both men and it will benefit both of them. [edit] Example 2 Suppose there are two countries of equal size, Northland and Southland, that both produce and consume two goods, food and clothes. The productive capacities and efficiencies of the countries are such that if both countries devoted all their resources to food production, output would be as follows: †¢ Northland: 100 tonnes †¢ Southland: 400 tonnes If all the resources of the countries were allocated to the production of clothes, output would be: †¢ Northland: 100 tonnes Southland: 200 tonnes Assuming each has constant opportunity costs of production between the two products and both economies have full employment at all times. All factors of production are mobile within the countries between clothes and food industries, but are immobile between the countries. The price mechanism must be working to provide perfect competit ion. Southland has an absolute advantage over Northland in the production of food and clothes. There seems to be no mutual benefit in trade between the economies, as Southland is more efficient at producing both products. The opportunity costs shows otherwise. Northlands opportunity cost of producing one tonne of food is one tonne of clothes and vice versa. Southlands opportunity cost of one tonne of food is 0. 5 tonne of clothes, and its opportunity cost of one tonne of clothes is 2 tonnes of food. Southland has a comparative advantage in food production, because of its lower opportunity cost of production with respect to Northland, while Northland has a comparative advantage in clothes production, because of its lower opportunity cost of production with respect to Southland. To show these different opportunity costs lead to mutual benefit if the countries specialize production and trade, consider the countries produce and consume only domestically. The volumes are: |Production and consumption before trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |50 |50 | |Southland |200 |100 | |TOTAL |250 |150 | This example includes no formulation of the preferences of consumers in the two economies which would allow the determination of the international exchange rate of clothes and food. Given the production capabilities of each country, in order for trade to be worthwhile Northland requires a price of at least one tonne of food in exchange for one tonne of clothes; and Southland requires at least one tonne of clothes for two tonnes of food. The exchange price will be somewhere between the two. The remainder of the example works with an international trading price of one tonne of food for 2/3 tonne of clothes. If both specialize in the goods in which they have comparative advantage, their outputs will be: |Production after trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | |Northland |0 |100 | |Southland |300 |50 | |TOTAL |300 |150 | World production of food increased. clothes production remained the same. Using the exchange rate of one tonne of food for 2/3 tonne of clothes, Northland and Southland are able to trade to yield the following level of consumption: |Consumption after trade | |Country |Food |Clothes | Northland |75 |50 | |Southland |225 |100 | |World total |300 |150 | Northland traded 50 tonnes of clothes for 75 tonnes of food. Both benefited, and now consume at points outside their production possibility frontiers. Assumptions in Example 2: †¢ Two countries, two goods the theory is no different for larger numbers of countries and goods, but the principles are clearer and the argument easier to follow in this simpler case. †¢ Equal size economies again, this is a simplification to p roduce a clearer example. Full employment if one or other of the economies has less than full employment of factors of production, then this excess capacity must usually be used up before the comparative advantage reasoning can be applied. †¢ Constant opportunity costs a more realistic treatment of opportunity costs the reasoning is broadly the same, but specialization of production can only be taken to the point at which the opportunity costs in the two countries become equal. This does not invalidate the principles of comparative advantage, but it does limit the magnitude of the benefit. Perfect mobility of factors of production within countries this is necessary to allow production to be switched without cost. In real economies this cost will be incurred: capital will be tied up in plant (sewing machines are not sowing machines) and labour will need to be retrained and relocated. This is why it is sometimes argued that nascent industries should be protected from fully lib eralised international trade during the period in which a high cost of entry into the market (capital equipment, training) is being paid for. Immobility of factors of production between countries why are there different rates of productivity? The modern version of comparative advantage (developed in the early twentieth century by the Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin) attributes these differences to differences in nations factor endowments. A nation will have comparative advantage in producing the good that uses intensively the factor it produces abundantly. For example: suppose the US has a relative abundance of capital and India has a relative abundance of labor. Suppose further that cars are capital intensive to produce, while cloth is labor intensive. Then the US will have a comparative advantage in making cars, and India will have a comparative advantage in making cloth. If there is international factor mobility this can change nations relative factor abundance. The principle of comparative advantage still applies, but who has the advantage in what can change. †¢ Negligible transport cost Cost is not a cause of concern when countries decided to trade. It is ignored and not factored in. Before specialization, half of each countrys available resources are used to produce each good. †¢ Perfect competition this is a standard assumption that allows perfectly efficient allocation of productive resources in an idealized free market. [edit] Example 3 The economist Paul Samuelson provided another well known example in his Economics. Suppose that in a particular city the best lawyer happens also to be the best secretary, that is he would be the most productive lawyer and he would also be the best secretary in town. However, if this lawyer focused on the task of being a lawyer and, instead of pursuing both occupations at once, employed a secretary, both the output of the lawyer and the secretary would increase, as it is more difficult to be a lawyer than a secretary. [citation needed] [edit] Effect of trade costs Trade costs, particularly transportation, reduce and may eliminate the benefits from trade, including comparative advantage. Paul Krugman gives the following example. [4] Using Ricardos classic example: |Unit labor costs | |Cloth |Wine | |Britain |100 |110 | |Portugal |90 |80 | In the absence of transportation costs, it is efficient for Britain to produce cloth, and Portugal to produce wine, as, assuming that these trade at equal price (1 unit of cloth for 1 unit of wine) Britain can then obtain wine at a cost of 100 labor units by producing cloth and trading, rather than 110 units by producing the wine itself, and Portugal can obtain cloth at a cost of 80 units by trade rather than 90 by production. However, in the presence of trade costs of 15 units of labor to import a good (alternatively a mix of export labor costs and import labor costs, such as 5 units to export and 10 units to import), it then costs Britain 115 units of labor to obtain wine by trade – 100 units for producing the cloth, 15 units for importing the wine, which is more expensive than producing the wine locally, and likewise for Portugal. Thus, if trade costs exceed the production advantage, it is not advantageous to trade. Krugman proceeds to argue more speculatively that changes in the cost of trade (particularly transportation) relative to the cost of production may be a factor in changes in global patterns of trade: if trade costs decrease, such as on the advent of steam-powered shipping, trade should be expected to increase, as more comparative advantages in production can be realized. Conversely, if trade costs increase, or if production costs decrease faster than trade costs (such as via electrification of factories), then trade should be expected to decrease, as trade costs become a more significant barrier. edit] Effects on the economy Conditions that maximize comparative advantage do not automatically resolve trade deficits. In fact, many real world examples where comparative advantage is attainable may require a trade deficit. For example, the amount of goods produced can be maximized, yet it may involve a net transfer of wealth from one country to the other, often because economic agents hav e widely different rates of saving. As the markets change over time, the ratio of goods produced by one country versus another variously changes while maintaining the benefits of comparative advantage. This can cause national currencies to accumulate into bank deposits in foreign countries where a separate currency is used. Macroeconomic monetary policy is often adapted to address the depletion of a nations currency from domestic hands by the issuance of more money, leading to a wide range of historical successes and failures. [edit] Considerations [edit] Development economics The theory of comparative advantage, and the corollary that nations should specialize, is criticized on pragmatic grounds within the import substitution industrialization theory of development economics, on empirical grounds by the Singer–Prebisch thesis which states that terms of trade between primary producers and manufactured goods deteriorate over time, and on theoretical grounds of infant industry and Keynesian economics. In older economic terms, comparative advantage has been opposed by mercantilism and economic nationalism. These argue instead that while a country may initially be comparatively disadvantaged in a given industry (such as Japanese cars in the 1950s), countries should shelter and invest in industries until they become globally competitive. Further, they argue that comparative advantage, as stated, is a static theory – it does not account for the possibility of advantage changing through investment or economic development, and thus does not provide guidance for long-term economic development. edit] Free mobility of capital in a globalized world Ricardo explicitly bases his argument on an assumed immobility of capital: if capital freely flowed towards those countries where it could be most profitably employed, there could be no difference in the rate of profit, and no other difference in the real or labour price of commodities, than the additional quantity of labour required to convey them to the various markets where they were to be sold. [5] He explains why, from his point of view , (anno 1817) this is a reasonable assumption: Experience, however, shows, that the fancied or real insecurity of capital, when not under the immediate control of its owner, together with the natural disinclination which every man has to quit the country of his birth and connexions, and entrust himself with all his habits fixed, to a strange government and new laws, checks the emigration of capital. [5] Some scholars, notably Herman Daly, an American ecological economist and rofessor at the School of Public Policy of the University of Maryland, have voiced concern over the applicability of Ricardos theory of comparative advantage in light of a perceived increase in the mobility of capital: International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes, with the introduction of free capital mobility, interregional trade (governed by Absolute advantage). [6] Adam Smith developed the principle of absolute advantage. The economist Paul Craig Roberts notes that the comparative advantage principles developed by David Ricardo do not hold where the factors of production are internationally mobile. [7][8] Limitations to the theory may exist if there is a single kind of utility. Yet the human need for food and shelter already indicates that multiple utilities are present in human desire. The moment the model expands from one good to multiple goods, the absolute may turn to a comparative advantage. The opportunity cost of a forgone tax base may outweigh perceived gains, especially where the presence of artificial currency pegs and manipulations distort trade. [9] Global labor arbitrage, where one country exploits the cheap labor of another, would be a case of absolute advantage that is not mutually beneficial. [10][11][12] Economist Ha-Joon Chang criticized the comparative advantage principle, contending that it may have helped developed countries maintain relatively advanced technology and industry compared to developing countries. In his book Kicking Away the Ladder, Chang argued that all major developed countries, including the United States and United Kingdom, used interventionist, protectionist economic policies in order to get rich and then tried to forbid other countries from doing the same. For example, according to the comparative advantage principle, developing countries with a comparative advantage in agriculture should continue to specialize in agriculture and import high-technology widgits from developed countries with a comparative advantage in high technology. In the long run, developing countries would lag behind developed countries, and polarization of wealth would set in. Chang asserts that premature free trade has been one of the fundamental obstacles to the alleviation of poverty in the developing world. Recently, Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan and China have utilized protectionist economic policies in their economic development. [13] [edit] See also

Free Essays on Enlace Químico

Enlace quà ­mico, fuerza entre los tomos que los mantiene unidos en las molà ©culas. Cuando dos o ms tomos se acercan lo suficiente, puede producirse una fuerza de atraccià ³n entre los electrones de los tomos individuales y el nà ºcleo de otro u otros tomos. Si esta fuerza es lo suficientemente grande para mantener unidos los tomos, se dice que se ha formado un enlace quà ­mico. Todos los enlaces quà ­micos resultan de la atraccià ³n simultnea de uno o ms electrones por ms de un nà ºcleo. Tipos de Enlace Si los tomos enlazados son elementos metlicos, el enlace se llama metlico. Los electrones son compartidos por los tomos, pero pueden moverse a travà ©s del sà ³lido proporcionando conductividad tà ©rmica y elà ©ctrica, brillo, maleabilidad y ductilidad. Và ©ase Metales. Si los tomos enlazados son no metales e idà ©nticos (como en N2 o en O2), los electrones son compartidos por igual por los dos tomos, y el enlace se llama covalente apolar. Si los tomos son no metales pero distintos (como en el à ³xido nà ­trico, NO), los electrones son compartidos en forma desigual y el enlace se llama covalente polar - polar porque la molà ©cula tiene un polo elà ©ctrico positivo y otro negativo, y covalente porque los tomos comparten los electrones, aunque sea en forma desigual. Estas sustancias no conducen la electricidad, ni tienen brillo, ductilidad o maleabilidad. Cuando una molà ©cula de una sustancia contiene tomos de metales y no metales, los electrones son atraà ­dos con ms fuerza por los no metales, que se transforman en iones con carga negativa; los metales, a su vez, se convierten en iones con carga positiva. Entonces, los iones de diferente signo se atraen electrostticamente, formando enlaces ià ³nicos. Las sustancias ià ³nicas conducen la electricidad cuando estn en estado là ­quido o en disoluciones acuosas, pero no en estado cristalino, porque los iones individuales son demasiado grandes para move... Free Essays on Enlace Quà ­mico Free Essays on Enlace Quà ­mico Enlace quà ­mico, fuerza entre los tomos que los mantiene unidos en las molà ©culas. Cuando dos o ms tomos se acercan lo suficiente, puede producirse una fuerza de atraccià ³n entre los electrones de los tomos individuales y el nà ºcleo de otro u otros tomos. Si esta fuerza es lo suficientemente grande para mantener unidos los tomos, se dice que se ha formado un enlace quà ­mico. Todos los enlaces quà ­micos resultan de la atraccià ³n simultnea de uno o ms electrones por ms de un nà ºcleo. Tipos de Enlace Si los tomos enlazados son elementos metlicos, el enlace se llama metlico. Los electrones son compartidos por los tomos, pero pueden moverse a travà ©s del sà ³lido proporcionando conductividad tà ©rmica y elà ©ctrica, brillo, maleabilidad y ductilidad. Và ©ase Metales. Si los tomos enlazados son no metales e idà ©nticos (como en N2 o en O2), los electrones son compartidos por igual por los dos tomos, y el enlace se llama covalente apolar. Si los tomos son no metales pero distintos (como en el à ³xido nà ­trico, NO), los electrones son compartidos en forma desigual y el enlace se llama covalente polar - polar porque la molà ©cula tiene un polo elà ©ctrico positivo y otro negativo, y covalente porque los tomos comparten los electrones, aunque sea en forma desigual. Estas sustancias no conducen la electricidad, ni tienen brillo, ductilidad o maleabilidad. Cuando una molà ©cula de una sustancia contiene tomos de metales y no metales, los electrones son atraà ­dos con ms fuerza por los no metales, que se transforman en iones con carga negativa; los metales, a su vez, se convierten en iones con carga positiva. Entonces, los iones de diferente signo se atraen electrostticamente, formando enlaces ià ³nicos. Las sustancias ià ³nicas conducen la electricidad cuando estn en estado là ­quido o en disoluciones acuosas, pero no en estado cristalino, porque los iones individuales son demasiado grandes para move...

Career Counseling in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Counseling in the workplace - Essay Example Narrative Bob’s recent new job as an administrative assistant at an outpatient treatment center though, constantly distracted by counselors throughout the day with issues involving billing is extremely busy and sometimes frustrating. When trying to do work, Bob enjoys what he does. However, there was a lack of communication getting problems resolved, such as not updating billing information for clients when they checked in for their appointments, which should be done before the patients arrive. The company (nonprofit organization) consists of a small number of employees; Bob, two other females who work in the front office (administration) and eight counselors who gossip and talk about one another all day and ask for or demand things that are unnecessary and can be obtain from their offices on their own computers. This becomes very distracting, especially when Bob is trying to check patients in and answering the phones all at once. Bob, never excited about his recent job or wha t it consisted of, was never really motivated to make any improvements.

IMAX Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IMAX - Case Study Example IMAX originated in the market since 1967, was popular among all the business organizations. IMAX was the first company in the world getting involved in producing all characteristics of large format films (MPAA, 2009 Case Facts In 1994 Wechsler and Gelfond had purchased the long established business of IMAX Corporation from its traditional owners. The company was purchased for 80 million by the new owners. However, observing the growing competition in the market of movie theaters, the new owners launched the shares for the company to the public in 1994, in order to raise more capital for further business growth of IMAX. The investors who invested in the company started to face high volatility in their profits due to uneven business conditions of IMAX. At this juncture it became a primary matter of problem for all the investors and analysts to forecast sure economic surplus for the company in future in the presence of such growing uncertainties. At the time of the purchase the stock va luation of IMAX in NASDAQ was $196 million while in December 2008 its worth came down to $125 million. Despite of the large number of IMAX theaters in more than 40 countries in the world, the business of the company is decrementing over time (Chakravarty, 2002). Internal and External Constraints The commerce of IMAX is facing several internal and external limitations that have made the analysts worry about the long term success of its business. Internal Constraints The theaters of IMAX may lose its popularity and brand worth because its strategic managers only concentrate in non educational entertainment Hollywood movies. Further, the CEO’s of the company are in a dilemma to sell IMAX to some large media partners like Sony, Time Warner or Disney. The officials are also in a dilemma to release the Hollywood movies in both regular and large formats in IMAX. It is also a matter of internal constraint for the firm managers to analyze the requirement for further rise in Hollywood movie releases in IMAX theaters (Olijnyk, 2002). External Constraints Figure 2: Growing Substitutes of Movies (Source: IVEY, 2009) The number of movie viewers is higher than any other entertainments, as the ticket prices for movies are comparatively low. But it should be analyzed that the growing numbers of substitutes in the market of entertainment have lowered the aggregate movie viewers. Figure 3: Rising number of DVD Consumption in U.S. (Source: IVEY, 2009) The above schedule shows that the total DVD use in U.S. increasing with time, greater use of DVD has lowered visitors in movie theaters. Figure 4: Increasing Movie Ticket Prices (Source: IVEY, 2009) The falling Gross Domestic Product and increasing prices of movie tickets have lowered the total number of theater audiences, although the theater owners virtually find their revenues increasing. Statement of Criteria (Objectives) The objectives of business that IMAX should exhibit for its economic prosperity in future are: To bec ome a niche player in the competitive market of movie theaters. To diversify its operations. To augment the brand loyalty and tap more potential clients. Situation Analysis The context of situation analysis will help the readers

Reviewing Violence By The Dark Figure Of Crime Criminology Essay

Reviewing Violence By The Dark Figure Of Crime Criminology Essay Our society is becoming more and more violent, in recent years dark figure of crime has become a big issue. Today we hear more of criminal, offences often for no particular reason what so ever. We are living in the world of crime. Dark figure of crime affects all towns, cities and countries. Crimes are made every day, but not every crime is reported and recorded that is why the dark figure is in our vocabulary today. In this essay I would like to look into the main reasons why crime goes unreported, what are the most unreported crimes, how its effects our society and what is the best way try to deal with that. The huge amount of crime in our society gets known when it is reported to the police, through public response to victim surveys and studies of offenders who admit committing crime, and when transmitted to other agencies, such as hospital accident wards, battered womens refuge centres and similar ones. Crimes go unreported because nobody realizes that the crime was done of that they done a crime that is so miner that the victim dont care. Other reasons why they  have not been reported are because  the victim knows the criminal and promised not to tell. It was no need to record crimes until late nineteenth century in Britain, because the crimes at this time were very low, the punishment system was different from our days. The law and punishment system changed. The First time crimes were recorded in nineteenth century by British Crime Survey. It is a lot of reasons why crimes goes unreported. Newburn (2009) carried out the main points why people do not report matters to the police including: the victim considers it too trivial; the victims feels the police will not be able to do anything about it; the victim is too scared to report it; the matter is too embarrassing or the victim would prefer to deal with the matter in another way. Rape is the most unreported crime in our society, because the womens are embarrassing or too ashamed to report the matter, feel unsafe and scared and so the vicious cycle continuous. If for example women was raped by her porter she might be frighten to go to the police. Most of the womens feel embarrassing of the questions they have to answer many times in the police station while they give evidence, they are stressed and do not want get the flashbacks because they are asking the full details many times. The big per cent of Teenage girls are especially at risk for date rape. 38% of all rape cas es reported the victims range in ages fourteen to seventeen. This to me is a high percentage for such a small age range. If we look how many children are abused by their parents it is quit shocking, because it is under report. Kids sexually abused by their parents cannot report crime to the police, because they are too young to understand that are frighten and scared of their parents, thinks that police dont believe them or are embarrassed of what happened. Children sexual abused crimes are underreport in our days if we look into statistics we can see that 72 per cent of sexually abused children did not tell anyone about their abused at the time. 27 per cent of children told to somebody later. 31 per cent still had not told anyone their sexual abuse by adults. Slak J (2009) in his article The most violent country in Europe : Britain is also worse than South Africa and U.S. stated Official crime figures shows that in the United Kingdom there are 2,034 offences per 100,000 people, The United States has a violence rate of 466 crime per 100,000 residents and South Africa 1,609. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article It is a many types of violent crime: domestic violence, mugging, stranger violence, aqvouitance violence. Domestic violence includes many types of abuse from family members and relatives including psychical, psychological, sexual, financial, emotional, cultural based abuses. For example if someone making feel scared or intimidated, from pushing and bullying to more serious injuries and extremes that can cause death, forced marriage or taking away financial independence for example by not allowing to work or monitoring how spend money. Most forms of domestic violence are criminal offences these includes : putting somebody in a fair of violence, harassment, threatening to kill, attempting to choke and most of the people did not know that or know and do not want to report it by thinking police is not going to make no differences or give a support. Crimes of violence, on the other hand, are statistically assessed against the overall number of adults in England and Wales . In this case,people who are illegal immigrants and who do not appear in official registers are not included. The table published by the Home Office also contains a definitional bias. One of the most serious violence crimes is homicide. Data recorded by British Survey shows that police recorded 648 incidents of homicide a 17 per cent decrease on the 748 recorded in 2007/2008 and the lowest recorded number in the last twenty years. The number of murders recorded by the police also decreased by seven per cent from 621 in 2007/08 to 575 in 2008/09. Home office statistics shows that here has not been change in the number of violent crimes between 20 06/ 2007 and 2008/2009. It was 903,993 offences of violence against the person recorded by the police 2008/09 and it is six per cent less than 2006/07 and it is the lowers figure since 2003/04. Other issues stem from how the data is collected. Surveys conducted by household, for instance, dont include the victimization of homeless people (Kershaw et al., 2000). Furthermore, crimes in which offenders and victims are consenting parties (for example drug dealing) are largely unreported (Kershaw et al., 2000; Maguire, 1997). Majority of people who one way or the other was victims of the crimes either domestic violence abuse or other thinks that is the best way keep everything to yourself and it is not going to happened again. But and the end of the day if someone attacks in your own home weather is someone you share house with, your family member or your partner people cannot suffering in the silence. Crime affects the whole person and can impact upon the victims health, quality of life and finances. Many need help to cope with their emotions, but the report argues that specialist services for victims are not enough. If people get enough support from the police and other organizations which are supporting victims of crime in our society crimes will be reported more than it is in nowadays. Victims of crime and their families need effective support and understanding in all spheres of life such as education, housing, employment, healthcare and financial services. All public services must recognise their shared responsibility for helping people to cope with crime.

Ap Language Review Essay

Chapter 1 Review Questions 1. What is invention in rhetoric? Invention in rhetoric is the process of coming up with ideas for speaking or writing. It has three appeals, ethos, logos, and pathos. 2. What is ethos? Ethos is an appeal based on the character of the speaker or writer. 3. What is logos? Logos consists of the content of the argument. It also appeals to the intellect. 4. What is pathos? Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience. 5. How does ethos, logos, and pathos work together to persuade an audience? All three come together to persuade and audience because they appeal to the heart and the mind. People don’t make decisions with just one or the other, so this creates maximum persuasive effect. These proofs are tools for analyzing and creating effective arguments. 6. What is syllogism? Syllogism is a chain of reasoning moving from general, universal principles to specific instances. 7. What is an enthymeme? An enthymeme is a shortened syllogism. It serves the purpose of a more practical and beneficial way to argue. 8. How do you derive an enthymeme from a syllogism? To derive an enthymeme from a syllogism is to take out the universal principal and create a more practical argument. It’s basically to summarize the syllogism to the key point. 9. Why is an enthymeme more useful than a syllogism in analyzing and  constructing an argument? An enthymeme is more useful than a syllogism in analyzing and constructing arguments because an enthymeme is used in real-world argumentation. Whereas, a syllogism is used primarily in a logic course. Enthymemes, being a shortened version of a syllogism, uses an unstated principal that you can understand without it being said. Later in the argument you can address the unstated principal to support your enthymeme. 10. What is an arrangement, and why is it important in analyzing and constructing arguments? An arrangement is the order of how you present your ideas. It is important in analyzing and constructing arguments because you can’t just speak/write about something without knowing what you’re going to say. The arrangement collects your ideas and lets you put it in order. It allows you to form the best possible argument. 11. What is style? Style is choosing how to express your ideas. Contributes to the writer’s content, message, or emotional appeal. 12. What effect does style have in communicating an argument to an audience? The way the writer communicates is through their style. It appeals to the audiences emotions, it can make the message more artistic and memorable. 1. Invention in rhetoric is the process of coming up with ideas for speaking and writing, kinda like brainstorming. 2. Ethos is one of the three appeals. It is based on the character or credibility of the speaker and or writer. It’s all about making the audience trust and believe in you in a sense. You want them to feel connected to you, that they have your trust and understanding. 3. Logos is another one of the three appeals. This appeal is the content of the written or spoken message. In this appeal it’s all about reducing the problem ethically. Making the problems that they have more understandable and more logical. 4. Pathos is the last of the three appeals. Pathos is the emotional appeal to the audience by the speaker and or writer. Speakers know that people will follow their hearts more than there mind so they try to connect with them on an emotional level. Trying to  speak with passion, and emotion so people can feel the pain and understand. 5. The three proofs work together in a balance to help persuade an audience, because people use their hearts and their minds when making decisions. So when all the appeals are used together in a balance it creates a very effective argument. 6. Syllogism is a chain of reasoning. Moving from general, common principles to specific events. It’s about responding to minor things, then addressing more major premises. 7. An enthymemes is a shortened syllogism. It’s a more practical way to argue. Enthymemes are taking the common known facts out of an argument, but an argument could crumble if the audience doesn’t know or understand the fact you took out of your argument. 8. You make an enthymeme from a syllogism by taking out the universal principle. Like: Fish have gills. A tuna has gills. In conclusion a tuna is a fish. It’s a common thing to know that fish have gills, so you could leave that out of an argument when stating that a tuna is a fish. 9. An enthymeme is more useful and practical in analyzing and constructing an argument because when you analyze an argument you often look for the unstated principle that supports the enthymemes. So when constructing an argument you need to grasp the audience and make sure they have acceptance of the unstated principle. 10. Arrangement is when you know what you are going to say but you need to figure out what order you are going to put it in. It is important in analyzing and arranging arguments because if you compose an amazing argument it needs to have everything in the right arrangement or the audience and will fail to grasp your idea, without the best possible argument. 11. Style is the way you express your ideas. Every writer has a different writing style. Style can change the feel of an argument. Your style can chnage alot, the character, the view point, the content, the memories, and enhance ethos. Think of a writting stlye the way you’d think of a person’s personal fashion stlye. Everyones is different, some similar but never one hundred percent the same. All of them have a different impact. 12. Style has an effect on communicating an argument to an audience that only that one speaker can do. You could have three different speakers with the same argument topic and all three speakers would graspe the audience in different ways. All from the  style that they use.

Nelson Mandela Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay

All inaugural addresses use tools of rhetoric. Nelson Mandela gave an inaugural address. Therefore, Mandela’s inaugural address uses tools of rhetoric. As stated by Campbell and Jamieson, â€Å"inauguration is a right of passage, and therefore creates a need for the newly elected president to make a public address – these addresses have a synthetic core in which certain rhetorical elements †¦ are fused into an indivisible whole† (1990). This paper will discuss the often subtle but effective tools of rhetoric used in inaugural addresses, focusing on former South African President Nelson Mandela’s, in particular. I will argue that the creation of unity is the overriding rhetorical purpose of the inaugural address as a genre, which is synonymous with Burke’s theory of identification To begin with, I will provide some background information on the inaugural address as a rhetorical genre. Following this, I will discuss the positions of the author an d audience (the rhetorical situation), and relate these positions to Aristotle’s concept of ethos and pathos; I will go on to analyze the appeals and tropes exercised by Mandela in his inaugural address; all of these rhetorical elements, I will argue, construct unity and persuade the people of South Africa to take their first steps towards reunification. The inaugural address can be considered a rhetorical genre, as it is a recognizable kind of speech with â€Å"similar forms that share substantive, stylistic, and situational characteristics† (Tarvin, 2008). The inaugural address is ceremonial and traditional in nature, and can be characterized by Aristotelian theorists as epideictic oratory, which is oratory that takes place on special occasions; the author â€Å"celebrates the event for an audience of †¦ fellow citizens by appealing to common values and cultural traditions† (Killingsworth, 2005). The speech symbolizes a change in government, and is the newly elected President’s first official public address. Corbett and Connors have observed that â€Å"inaugural addresses usually deal in broad, undeveloped generalizations. Principles, policies, and promises are enunciated without elaboration† (1999), while Sigelman points out that presidents â€Å"typically use the occasion to commemorate the natio n’s past, to envision its future, and to try to set the tone for [following] years† (1996). Campbell and Jamieson define five key elements that distinguish the inaugural address as a genre. The presidential inaugural: â€Å"unifies the audience by reconstituting its members as the people, who can witness and  ratify the ceremony; rehearses communal values drawn from the past; sets forth the political principles that will govern the new administration; and demonstrates through enactment that the president appreciates the requirements and limitations of executive functions. Finally, each of these ends must be achieved †¦ while urging contemplation not action, focusing on the present while incorporating past and future, and praising the institution of presidency and the values and form of the government of which it is a part (Campbell and Jamieson, 1990). Note that unification of the audience (which is synonymous with Burke’s theory of identification) constitutes the â€Å"most fundamental [element] that demarcate[s] the inaugural address as a rhetorical genre† (Sigelman, 1996), which is the overriding argument of this paper. I would also like to poin t out the three main positions in any piece of rhetoric, as stated by Killingsworth (2005): the position of the author (Mandela, for the purpose of this essay), the position of the audience (immediate and secondary audiences), and the position of value to which the author refers (the unity of whites and blacks). The author’s rhetorical goal is to move the audience towards his position via a shared position of values, which results in the alignment of the three positions (author, audience, and value). Therefore, Mandela’s rhetorical goal is to move his immediate and secondary audience of both supporters and critics towards his position as the newly elected black President of South Africa by the shared goal of unification of all races within the nation. Put another way, Kenneth Burke, in his work â€Å"A Rhetoric of Motives†, describes the basic function of rhetoric as the â€Å"use of words by human agents to form attitudes or induce actions in other human agents† (1969). In order to align attitudes of author, audience, and value, or in order to form attitudes to induce action in other human agents, the first consideration in the construction of the speech must be the audience. Before I discuss audience though, I will talk about the position of Mandela – the author of the inaugural address in question. Corbett and Connors (1999) point out that when doing a rhetorical analysis, one must always consider the special situation that faces the speaker. Nelson Mandela was elected as the first black president in South Africa on May 10th, 1994; this election was particularly significant because it was the first ever multi-racial, democratic election in the country’s history. It also signaled  the end of the apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for â€Å"apartness† or â€Å"separateness†), which was both a slogan and a social and political policy of racial segregations and discrimination, enforced by the White National party from 1948 until Mandela’s election. However, racial segregation has characterized South Africa since white settlers arrived in 1652, before apartheid. Furthermore, Mandela spent 27 years as a political prisoner in South Africa for his role as a freedom fighter and leader of the African National Congress (ANC), and his significant contribution to anti-apartheid activities. All of these factors established some doubts in Mandela, especially in the minds of white South Africans. Mandela â€Å"had to address the very legitimate needs of black South African people while preventing the flight of white South Africans and foreign capital from the nation †¦ [and his inaugural address] needed to [rhetorically] establish the ground from which progress would grow† (Sheckels, 2001). Because of these varying circumstances, the inaugural address might be â€Å"an occasion when a powerful ethical appeal would have to be exerted if the confidence and initiatives of the people were to be aroused† (Corbett and Connors, 1999). However, while these factors established doubts in some, they also contributed to Mandela’s ethos, which is defined by Aristotle as the character or credibility of the rhetor. Aristotle claims â€Å"It is necessary not only to look at the argument, that it may be demonstrative and persuasive but also [for the speaker] to construct a view of himself as a certain kind of person† (Aristotle in Borchers, 2006). As stated in Killingsworth, â€Å"authors demonstrate their character †¦ in every utterance† (2005). A person who possesses â€Å"practical wisdom, virtue, and good will †¦ is necessarily persuasive to the hearers† (Borchers, 2006). Mandela possesses considerable ethos as a result of his personal identity and regional history; his involvement with the ANC, the political party whose aim was to defend the rights and freedoms of African people, and the time he served as a political prisoner demonstrate his dedication to the construction of a democratic nation. One author notes that Mandela serves as a â€Å"representative of the African people at large† (Sheckels, 2001). The public’s knowledge of Mandela’s past allows him to establish ethos, which in turn helps him deliver a rhetorically successful inaugural address, which serves in the construction of unity between all people of South Africa. Additionally, as one author points out, ethos â€Å"may  take several forms – a powerful leader like the President will often have the ethos of credibil ity that comes from authority† (Tuman, 2010). While Mandela uses his past to construct ethos, he also gains ethos as South Africa’s newly elected President. Because it was the first ever democratic election, in which his party won 62% of the votes, Mandela gains authority over past South African Presidents; his call to office represents the wants and needs of all people in South Africa, while his predecessors’ did not. Mandela’s accumulated ethos contributes to the persuasive power of his inaugural address, in which he makes his first official attempt as President to establish unity through speech. Next I will discuss the position of the audience. When constructing a speech, the author must first consider who his specific audience is: â€Å"consideration of audience drives the creation of an effective persuasive message† (Tuman, 2010). When writing his inaugural speech, which is a form of oral rhetoric, Mandela had to consider both an immediate audience, as well as a secondary audience who would watch the speech through the medium of TV and listen to it on the radio. The audience consisted not only of South Africans, but of people across the world interested and inspired by this monumental moment in history. Furthermore, Mandela had to consider both listeners who were his supporters and listeners who were his adversaries. Corbett and Connors claim that â€Å"the larger and more heterogeneous the audience is, the more difficult it is to adjust the discourse to fit the audience. In his content and his style, the President must strike some common denominator – but [one] that does not fall below the dignity that the occasion demands† (Killingsworth, 2005). One such way that Mandela adjusts his discourse to fit his audience is his choice in diction. While he does engage in the use of tropes and rhetorical appeals, he also uses fairly common language throughout. This is especially important in his situation, as many of his black listeners were denied education by the whites, and thus had limited vocabularies. While Mandela wanted to reach out to the educated citizens and international guests, he also had to ensure that his less educated listeners were able to grasp his words and thus be affected by the emotionality of his address and persuaded to unite. When analyzing Mandela’s Inaugural address in consideration of audience, we may also note his opening line: â€Å"Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Comrades, and Friends.† Here he acknowledges both the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"distinguished international guests,† as well as the people of South Africa: â€Å"Comrades and Friends.† Recognizing members of the international and internal audience is a tradition of inaugural addresses with rhetorical value. Kennedy, for example, followed this tradition when he began his inaugural address: â€Å"Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, Reverend Clergy, Fellow Citizens,† as did Roos evelt when he began: â€Å"Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. Vice President, My Friends† (Wolfarth, 1961). Additionally, we may note that it is traditional for inaugural addresses to â€Å"abound with unity appeals† (Wolfarth, 1961), which unite the president to the citizens of the country for which he reigns. President Jefferson, for example, addressed â€Å"Friends and Fellow-Citizens† in his opening line; Pierce opened with â€Å"My countrymen;† while Lincoln saluted his â€Å"Fellow-Citizens of the United States† in the first lines of his second inaugural address (Wolfarth, 1961). An address containing official salutations as well as unity appeals causes all audiences to identify with the President. We may also note additional unity appeals throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. There is a pervasive use of personal pronouns, such as â€Å"we,† â€Å"us,† and â€Å"our,† along with â€Å"symbolically potent terms that embody a sense of collectivity† (Sigelman, 1996), such as â€Å"South Africa/Africans† â€Å"homel and,† â€Å"people,† and â€Å"country,† all of which connote community and contribute to the construction of unity. Mandela begins 15 out of 30 sections (as designated in the index) with â€Å"we† or â€Å"our,† and they constitute 59 of the 893 words in the address (6.6%). The repetition of the word â€Å"we† at the beginning of subsequent sentences is a rhetorical trope called ‘anaphora;’ by using this rhetorical technique, Mandela subtly emphasizes the importance of unity As one author explains, the strategic use of personal pronouns is â€Å"one fairly subtle means of transmitting a feeling of unity† (Sigelman, 1996). Appeals to unity follow in Burke’s theory of identification as a means of persuasion or cooperation. By addressing â€Å"Comrades and Friends† and using the words â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† throughout the speech, Mandela is uniting the audience with himself, as well as each other – a â€Å"powerful, yet subtle, type of identification †¦ The word ‘we’ reinforces the idea that all of the [listening] community is united in its efforts to accomplish [certain] goals† (Borchers, 2006). The rhetorician who appeals to an audience to the  point where identific ation takes place has accomplished the purpose of his rhetoric (Burke, 1969). Mandela’s use of personal pronouns and terms that embody collectivity construct unity, which is the overriding purpose of both his inaugural address, as well as his Presidency in general. Mandela’s inaugural address also employs pathos, which is an appeal to the emotions of one’s audience that serves as a persuasive power. Aristotle argued that a speaker must understand the emotions of one’s audience in order to be persuasive (Borchers, 2006); that is, he must understand his audience’s state of mind, against whom their emotions are directed, and for what sorts of reasons people feel the way they do, in order to connect emotionally with them. Mandela’s inauguration was an emotional day for the people of South Africa and the world, because it represented a shift towards democracy, equality, and freedom for all people. One author notes that â€Å"Mandela’s first presidential address before the newly constituted South African Parliament lifted South Africa from the realm of imaginary democracy into a state of actual democratic practice and was a self-referential act of bringing opposing parties together. The [inauguration] speech was the first example of reconstruction and development after apartheid †¦ in words – and words alone – [Mandela’s] speech reconstitute[d] the nation† (Salazar, 2002). We can see Mandela’s use of pathos throughout his inauguration speech. For example, he refers to the past as an â€Å"extraordinary human disaster† (3); he enlists his fellow South Africans to â€Å"produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all† (4); he discusses â€Å"the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict †¦ saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world† (9); and he refers to his win as â€Å"a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity† (11) and his o pponents as â€Å"blood-thirsty forces which still refuse to see the light† (14). Mandela then makes an emotional pledge: â€Å"we pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination †¦ we shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts† (16-18). He then dedicates â€Å"this day to all the heroes and heroines †¦ who sacrificed  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and surrendered their lives so that we could be free† (20). The rhetorical use of pathos is thick throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. Mandela’s appeals to unity also contribute to the pathos of the speech by inspiring the listeners to join together as one, rather than opposing entities. Mandela concludes with a promise: â€Å"never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression †¦ and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world./ Let freedom reign† (28-29). It is also important to note Mandela’s use of what rhetorical scholars have called ‘ideographs,’ which are defined as â€Å"high-level abstraction[s] that encapsulate or summarize the definitive principles or ideals of a political culture† (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010). I would like to add that the use of ideographs employs Aristotle’s concept of pathos, as the words are often emotionally laden. Examples of ideographs used in Mandela’s inaugural address include: â€Å"liberty† (2); â€Å"nobility† (4); â€Å"justice† (4, 11, 26); â€Å"peace† (11, 26); â€Å"human dignity† (11, 18); â€Å"freedom† (17, 21, 29); and â€Å"hope† (1, 18). Freedom is the most significant ideograph in the speech, as Mandela was a ‘freedom-fighter’ and was ‘freed’ from prison in 1990, which was a major step towards ‘freedom’ for all South Africans. Ideographs, claim rhetorical scholars, â€Å"have the potential to unify diverse audiences around vaguely shared sets of meaning† (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010). Yet again we are presented with appeals to unity in Mandela’s inaugural address. As discussed, Mandela’s speech provides evidence that he understands his audience’s state of mind (a mixture of apprehension and optimism), against whom their emotions are directed (Mandela himself, as well as the apartheid), and for what sorts of reasons people feel the way they do (change, fear, history, etc.). Thus, he was able to connect emotionally with his audience, which is Aristotle’s understanding of Pathos. I will continue my analysis of Mandela’s speech with consideration of appeals he makes to place and race. Killingsworth points out that â€Å"appeals to race †¦ often work together with appeals to place† (2005). In Mandela’s inauguration speech he says: â€Å"Each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. /Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. /We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when   grass turns green and the flowers bloom. /That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland †¦.† (6-9). This claim on the land can be thought of as an identification of race with place, or in terms of Ke nneth Burke’s dramatism, a ratio between agent and scene, who and where (Killingsworth, 2005). When white settlers arrived in South Africa in the 1600s, they began displacing indigenous black inhabitants from their homeland, pushing them onto â€Å"less desirable terrain where water was comparatively scarce, grazing poor and agricultural conditions harsh† (Horrell, 1973). Apartheid made the separation of blacks with their homeland even more acute with the implementation of designated group areas, in which blacks were relocated to slums and townships, separate from whites. Hook, in Killingsworth, claims that â€Å"collective black self-recovery can only take place when we begin to renew our relationship to the earth, when we remember the way of our ancestors† (2005). Mandela’s appeals to race and place in his inaugural address advocate collective self-recovery, and, as a byproduct, unity. Burke notes that â€Å"rhetors who feature the scene see the world as relatively permanent †¦ [and] rhetors who features the agent see people as rational and capable of making choices† (Borchers, 153). By featuring both scene and agent, it is evident that Mandela sees the physical geography of South Africa as unchanging, and also sees that the people who inhabit South Africa have the power to choose to unite on that shared territory. Unity is the underlying theme of Mandela’s inaugural address as well as his presidency: the unity of white and black people; the dissolution of apartheid and its associated segregation; the reunification of native South Africans with their homeland; and the unification of South Africa with the rest of the free democratic world. â€Å"When [Mandela] took up the reins of power in 1994, the world was holding its breath, expecting the racial tensions splitting the country to explode into a blood bath. Instead, the world witnessed a miracle. Mandela’s achievement is colossal† (Davis, 1997). Mandela’s inaugural address served as an instrument of reunification and produced an atmosphere of stability from which the new system of government could go forward. Index Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Comrades and Friends: Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer glory and hope to newborn liberty. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud. Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today. To my compatriots, I have no hesitation in saying that each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom. That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland explains the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict, and as we saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world, precisely because it has become the universal base of the pernicious ideology and practice of racism and racial oppression. We, the people of South Africa, feel fulfilled that humanity has taken us back into its bosom, that we, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege to be host to the nations of the world on our own soil. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come to take possession with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity. We trust that you will continue to stand by us as we tackle the challenges of building peace, prosperity, non-sexism, non-racialism and democracy. We deeply appreciate the role that the masses of our people and their political mass democratic, religious, women, youth, business, traditional and other leaders have played to bring about this conclusion. Not least among them is my Second Deputy President, the Honorable F.W. de Klerk. We would also like to pay tribute to our security forces, in all their ranks, for the distinguished role they have played in securing our first democratic elections and the transition   democracy, from blood-thirsty forces which still refuse to see the light. The time for the healing of the wounds has   The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has   The time to build is upon us. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. We succeeded to take our last steps to freedom in conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace. We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter into a covenant that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity–a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. As a token of its commitment to the renewal of our country, the new Interim Government of National Unity will, as a matter of urgency, address the issue of amnesty for various categories of our people who are currently serving terms of imprisonment. We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could be free. Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward. We are both humbled and elevated by the honor and privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have bestowed on us, as the first President of a united, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist South Africa, to lead our country out of the valley of darkness. We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world. Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all. Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves. Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God bless Africa! Thank you. Works Cited Borchers, T. (2006). Rhetorical theory: An introduction. Waveland Press Inc.: Illinois Burke, K. 1969. A Rhetoric of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press. Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbo1ic action: Essays on life, literature, and method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Campbell, K.K. & Jamieson, K.H. (1990). Deeds done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Corbett, E.P.J. & Connors, R.J. (1999) Classical rhetoric for the modern student. Oxford University Press: New York. Davis, G. (1997, July 18). No ordinary magic. Electronic Mail & Guardian [On-line]. Available: http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97jul2/18JUL-mandels.html . Horrel, M. (1973). The African homelands of South Africa. USA: University of Michigan. Ali-Dinar, A.B. (1994). Inaugural speech, Pretoria [Mandela]. University of Pennsylvania: African studies center. Retrieved from http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Inaugural_Speech_1798 4.html Killingsworth, M.J. (2005). Appeals in modern rhetoric: An ordinary-language approach. Southern Illinois University Press. Parry-Giles, S.J. & Hogan, J.M. (2010). The handbook of rhetoric and public address. United Kingdome: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Salazar, P.J. (2002). An African Athens: Rhetoric and the shaping of democracy. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Sheckels, T.F. (2001). The rhetoric of Nelson Mandela: A qualified success. Howard Journal of Communications, Vol 12-2. Sigelman, L. (Jan-Mar 1996). Presidential inaugurals: The modernization of a genre. Political Communication. Vol 13-1. South Africa’s political parties. SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved from http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/polparties.htm Tarvin, D. (2008). Vincent Fox’s inaugural address: A comparative analysis between the generic characteristics of the United States and Mexico. Retrieved from http://lsu.academia.edu/DavidTarvin/Papers/687161/Vicente_Foxs_Inaugural_Addr ess_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_the_Generic_Characteristics_of_the_United_States_and_Mexico Tuman, J.S. (2010). Communicating terror: The rhetorical dimensions of terrorism. San Francisco: Sage Publications. Wolfarth, D.L. (April 1961). John F. Kennedy in the tradition of inaugural speeches. Quarterly journal of speech, Vol. 47-2. Additional Works Referenced Foss, S.K. (2004). Rhetorical criticism: Exploration & practice. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Hart, R.P. & Daughton, S. (2005). Modern rhetorical criticism: Third edition. USA: Pearson Education, Inc. Kuypers, J.A. (2005). The art of rhetorical criticism. USA: Pearson Education Inc. Lacy, M.G. & Ono, K.A. (2011). Critical rhetorics of race. New York: New York University Press